Overview of the Shingle Style, an American Original

Analysis Of The Movie A Doll s House - 1070 Words

In A Doll’s House, directed by Patrick Garland, the movie revolves around a loving housewife named Nora Helmer living in a high class society in Norway, under the roof of her husband, her three children, a nurse and the nanny that she grew up with and also takes care of Nora’s children. In the film adaptation, Garland shows a shift in gender roles in the nineteenth century that are embedded within the visual text for the audience to see. Garland is showing that in the late 19th century, women of different social classes started to become independent from men. In the Victorian Era, women were divided into different social classes. High class women during this time period stayed at home while the middle and lower class women who were either unmarried or widowed becoming maids, housekeepers, or paid-workers. In the film adaptation, Nora was a high class married woman who seemed to be happy with the life that she lived. Pampered by her husband’s wealth and having a nurse and nanny taking care of Nora’s three children. All Nora had to do was to make sure that she was tidy and beautiful, which made her a representation of a trophy wife. The only type of trouble she had to face as a high class woman was to entertain the guest that entered her home, and her husband as shown in the film adaptation. The nanny, Anne-Marie, was a representation of a middle class woman because of the current situation she lived in the movie. She told Nora that she left her own daughter to work forShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie A Doll s House 877 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Doll’s House† is a British movie filmed in 1973. Nora has spent her enter life living under the rules of her late father and authoritarian husband, Torvald. Years earlier Nora committed forgery by signing her father’s name in order to borrow money from a man named Krogstad. 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I will also describe some of the cinematography and how it made the movie stand out. Quentin Tarantino’s movies have a very different, unique feel than the perceived â€Å"normal† movie. â€Å"Kill Bill Vol. 1† is very intriguing. He borrows ideas and styles from his many influences which, in the end,Read MoreErm Research Report On Walt Disney Company Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesengaging physical products and digital experiences, inspiring the imaginations of the young and young at heart. II. SWAT Analysis STRENGTHS Strong Brand Effect Diversified Business Stable Market Range WEAKNESSES Missed the Online Market Copy Right Management Foreign Laws and Regulations OPPORTUNITIES Extend Disney Business to Developing Countries Development of Data Analysis Digital Age THREATS Strong Competitors Changes in Economic conditions Changes of Technology 1. Strengths a. 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A Critical Reflection Of Different Aspects Of Internationalisation Education Essay Example For Students

A Critical Reflection Of Different Aspects Of Internationalisation Education Essay A critical reflection of different aspects of internationalisation education.In the following essay I will focused on how globalisation, multiculturalism and internationalisation have an effect at different education levels. The first part includes a brief explanation of the concept of globalisation, and how it affects the educational structure in secondary education through global competence. How this can make the educational environment more complex, and what it implies to be successfully achieved. Then, I will mention strategies adopted as a response for multiculturalism at schools, and how at a school level the community has to do a lot of effort to achieve a diverse educational setting without discriminating, i. e. a multiculturalised school .Finally, I will explain two strategies for the internationalisation of the curriculum in higher education and how they work (or not) in a real-world situation. I chose these three concepts of globalisation, multiculturalism and internationalisation as I consider them to be quite different in their aims and strategies. But also, because they have a relevant effect on education structure at different levels. And as a teacher I must be aware of these approaches that can modify an educational system, therefore my own role in teaching. Global competence and secondary education: How globalisation affects at a school level in teaching and learning.Globalisation appeared in the seventies as a proccess of intensification of interconnections and networks. It implied several changes happening at the same time, as technology development, production of goods (not just at a national level), and less taxations in borders. The concept has been put into doubt, as sceptical thesis that states it is . ._id=_2436736_1 accessed 21 Dec 2014. Banks, J. (1989) ‘Approaches to Multicultural Curriculum Reform’, Trotter Review online, Vol. 3: Iss. 3, Article 5. Available at: http://scholarworks.umb. edu/trotter_review/vol3/iss3/5 accessed 23 Dec 2014.Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, United States: Stanford University Press.Hearnden, M. and Sundaram, V. (2011) Education for a Diverse Society: Multicultural Classroom in the UK , in Spinthourakis, J. , Lalor, J., Berg, W., Cultural Diversity in the Classroom: A European Comparison, Germany: Dorothee Koch/Anita WilkeThe Hanover Research Council, (2010). Internationalisation of the Curriculum in Higher Education. online Available at: http://www.hu. ac.th/english/academic/documents/Internationalization%20of%20the%20Curriculum%20in%20Higher%20Education%20-%20Membership.pdf accessed 20 Dec. 2014.

Left Brain - Right Brain Essays - Brain, Nervous System,

Left Brain - Right Brain Psychology Right Brain, Left Brain. The article in which I chose to examine is called Right Brain, Left Brain: Fact and Fiction, written by Jerre Levy. In the past fifteen years or so there has been a lot of talk of left brain and right brain people. Levy's reason for righting this article was clearly to stop the misconceptions and show the truth about how our brain hemispheres operate. Levy first explores the myth of the left brain and right brain theory. She states that generally people see the left hemisphere of the brain controlling logic and language and the right, creativity and intuition. In addition people differ in their styles of thought, depending on which half of the brain is dominant. She believes that most of what these notions state is farce. Next the article explores the history of this fascination of the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Apparently the study of this aspect of the brain traces back to time of Hippocrates. Levy weaves in and out of the various theories and prominent people known for contributing to the confusion. It wasn't until 1962 when Roger W. Sperry began experimenting on certain aspects of the brain that contribute to the truth of the left and right brain theory. Sperry studied people who had undergone surgical division of the corpus callosum, the bridge between the two hemispheres. His studies showed that, an object placed in the right hand (left hemisphere) could be named readily, but one placed in the left hand (nonverbal right hemisphere) could be neither named nor described. Next to branch off of Sperry's studies was psychologist Doreen Kimura. Kimura developed behavioral methods which involved presenting visual stimuli rapidly to either the left or right visual fields. Another important method developed was dichotic listening which centered around the use of sound to study the hemispheres. Through these tests and the continual study the theory that the left brain controlled ended. Instead a new theory was born known as the two-brain theory. This said that at different times one of the two hemispheres would be operating. An example of this is that the right hemisphere is in control when an artist paints but the left hemisphere was in control when a novelist wrote a book. This theory failed because of one physical studies showed that people with hemispheres surgically disconnected could operate in everyday life. Also, research demonstrated that each hemisphere had its own functional expertise, and that the two halves were complementary. Next, the article states its worth. The author shows the up to date agreed upon theory of the two hemispheres in five simple points. 1. The two hemispheres are so similar that when they are disconnected by split-brain surgery, each can function remarkably well, although quite imperfectly 2. Although they are remarkably similar they are also different. The differences are seen in contrasting contributions. Each hemisphere contributes something to every action a person takes. 3. Logic is not confined to the left hemisphere. Although dominant in the left logic is present in the right hemisphere. 4. There is no evidence that either creativity or intuition is an exclusive property of the right hemisphere. Same theory as #3. 5. Since the two hemispheres do not function independently, and since each hemisphere contributes its special capacities to all cognitive activities, it is quite impossible to educate one hemisphere at a time in a normal brain. Levy comes to the conclusion that people are not purely left or right brained. There is a continuum in which the hemispheres work together in harmony. Often the left or right hemisphere is more active in some people but it is never the sole operator. She concludes, We have a single brain that generates a single mental self. This article showed that we are not left or right brained but merely somewhere on the scale between left and right brain. Some of us were extreme left, few extreme right and most in the middle leaning left a bit (this is where I fell). I could not agree more with what I read in this article. The author wrote a fabulous complete article. In my summary, I feel I

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven versus Smoke Signals

The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven versus Smoke Signals Free Online Research Papers What does it mean to be an Indian? First of all you have to be a warrior and to look like a warrior, to look â€Å"stoic†, secondly you have to be connected with Mother Earth by understanding the sound of nature and what it wants to say, then you necessarily have to have visions, to ride horses and to hunt buffalos. This is what most of the people think when they say â€Å"Indian†. But Sherman Alexie ,in his volume â€Å"The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven† and then the movie Smoke Signals based on one story from this volume- Thus Is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona- try to present the image of the real Indian in the real life and work against this â€Å"formerly-held stereotypes to form a new, uniquely Spokane identity† all these in a humorous, ironic manner. Alexie, in his volume tries to reinvent the way back to tradition of the modern Indians. They are people with double identity who don’t know how to report themselves to their traditions, how to react towards it, what is important and what is less important. Sometimes, in most of the cases, they make fun of their history and traditions and realize that now ,they are totally different and that they have to live in the real life although sometimes we sense a feeling of melancholy towards the past, because then ,the Indians had a role, a purpose, now , they have nothing â€Å"it is too late to be warriors in the old way. All horses are gone†. Now they have only stereotypes to face, alcohol to survive and broken dreams .†Alexies characters confront the dilemma of how to be real Indians, of how to find their true names, their adult names , of how to find a warrior dignity and courage when it is too late to be warriors in the old way, of how to ameliorate what Adrian C . Louis has termed the ghost-pain of history that haunting sense of personal and cultural loss that generates a paralyzing† .(Jerome Denuccio) The characters Alexie has created are aware of the stereotypes that are commonly associated with them and they are working to make fun of and unmask the traditional conception of the Indian character. In the end this is what Alexie wanted: to accomplish a criticism of the stereotypical portrayal of Indian life. In an interview Alexie criticizes the traditional Native American literature and its writers who wrote â€Å"wish fulfillment books† .He even indicates N. Scott Momaday’ Pulitzer Prize winning â€Å"House Made of Dawn† .The struggles of his character are different from Abel’s –the main character on Momaday, and the solutions they find to understand their identity are also different because â€Å"they are Indians who do not fit the traditional mold of Indian character†. We are shown the anguish the characters experience when Thomas-Builds-The-Fire compares time with skeletons. Your past is a skeleton walking one step behind you, and your future is a skeleton walking one step in front of you. Indians, thus, are always trapped in the now. But the skeletons are not necessarily evil, unless you let them be. Because these skeletons are made of memories, dreams, and voices, and because they are wrapped up in the now, it becomes imperative to keep moving, keep walking, in step with your skeletons.( Jerome DeNuccio)) This comparison demonstrates that Alexie is trying to make their characters get out of the trap of the suspended Indian, the one with no connection to reality. The story â€Å"This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona† presents the journey of Victor and Thomas to obtain the remains of Victor’s dead father. In the text Alexie subverts the stereotypes of Indians again with trikery and irony. The film, Smoke Signals is mostly based on the story and all the characters are interpreted by native American actors. †The film is so relaxed about its characters, so much at home in their world, that we sense it’s an inside job†. While Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven was a series of discrete stories about a single group of characters, the film attempts to render them into one. â€Å"Alexies stories fictionalize a real life, a life of drunkenness, unemployment and basketball. Thomass narrative can be seen as a way not only of rationalizing the brutality of reservation life, but also of coping with it†. In Smoke Signals there seems to be pressure on Alexie and Eyre(the director) to conform to a Holly wood road movie format. What we don’t manage to see in the movie but we do see in the book is the cruelty of this isolated life in the reservation, a life without a future. The film begins with the shot of the traffic reporter, who is also the radio dj in the reservation saying â€Å"It’s a good day to be indigenous†. After this he scrutinizes an intersection that doesn’t seem to be very used and he announces â€Å"A big truck just went by† and then we hear a chorus from a song about John Wayne’s false teeth. This is how the spectator is introduced to the reservation of these Spokane Indians. The movie opens in Idaho on a significant day: the Fourth of July ,1976.It’s an important day for America ,but not for the Indians because in the end it was not their independence. In spite of that they celebrate it year after year. This year was a significant day also for the infant Thomas-Builds-The-Fire, who is saved from death by being thrown from the window when his house burns down. He is saved by Arnold Joseph, a neighbor with a drinking problem who has a son of the same age, Victor. Thomas and Victor grow up together but Thomas has a flaw, in the eyes of the others: he is a storyteller. Although in ancient times, being a storyteller was a pride in the community, nowadays it has become a shame. Now he is â€Å"that crazy Indian storyteller with ratty old braids and broken teeth† as Victor describes him. But Thomas is aware of the importance of his stories when he says: â€Å"We are all given one thing by which our lives are measured, one determination. Mine are the stories which can change or not change the world. It doesn’t matter which as long as I continue to tell the stories[†¦] I have no brothers or sisters. I have only my stories which came to me before I even had words to speak. I learned a thousand stories before I took my first thousand steps. They are all I have. It’s all I can do .† Thomas, by his storytelling represents the old Indian, in connection with the past , but he is not the traditional warrior, savage, exotic. He is a kid mocked at and beaten up for his storytelling that brings everybody to exasperation. And this is because none of them has the ability to understand him. Their are confused about their identity, ashamed with their past of which want to get rid. As an adult ,Thomas’s life is filled with the same absence of friends and ridicule because the others see him and accept him as an oddity, rather than someone who can teach them about their past. But with this story Alexie(and in the movie) shows that in that reservation exists at least one person who notices his stories and their purpose for him as a person, and that is Victor. We notice that Thomas is used as a source of humor but always with a role, to stress the wrong image the others have of Indians and tradition and to erase the stereotype. The first example is when Victor meets Thomas at the store, after his father died. †Their conversation is an opportunity for Alexie to poke fun at the myth that Indians have a greater connection to the earth and can listen to the wind to tell the future.† â€Å"Victor, I’m sorry about your father† Thomas said. â€Å"How did you know about it?† Victor asked. â€Å"I heard it on the wind. I heard it from the birds. I felt it in the sunlight. Also, your mother was just in here crying†. Here Thomas is the image of the suspended Indian with no connection to reality and also an instrument of sarcasm. The role of Thomas’s storytelling is also didactic because teach us and the one who listen to him many things about the life in the reservation. For example, the story told in a summer, when the two were kids, is a state of Indian reservation life and presents the lack of a role for the Indian boys to fulfill nowadays. †There were these two Indian boys who wanted to be warriors. But it was too late to be warriors in the old way. All the horses were gone. So the two Indian boys stole a car and drove to the city. They parked the stolen car in front of the police station and then hitchhiked back home to the reservation. When they got back, all their friend cheered and their parent’s eyes shone with pride. You were brave, everybody said to the Indian boys. Very brave.†. This is an amusing but at the same time a sad story of the inability of the boys to be warriors. The movie is interesting because we manage to see the faces and reactions of the real Indians, the Indians who are not victims of their culture, who don’t live in the past and define themselves by the crimes committed against their people. They are just ordinary people, trying to survive and to understand and discover themselves, not their ancestors; they are the next generation. When his father is dead and he wants to go and pick up his ashes, Victor finds himself in the situation of not having enough money to go to Phoenix. But Thomas has this money and he offers to buy the bus tickets if Victor takes him along. This is not an easy decision for Victor who has never liked the â€Å"skinny, talkative Thomas†, being a quiet, proud man. Before leaving for Arizona Victor’s mother tells him that he should listen to the others too and that tradition is important. This can be an announcement of the fact that, till the end Victor will manage to discover himself and to understand the role of Thomas in his life. â€Å"As they are on the way to Arizona ,the two characters talk and the dialogue becomes the heart of the movie†. At a certain moment, the reserved Victor, impatient with Thomas’s chatter accuses him of having learned most of what he knows about Indians by watching â€Å"Dances with wolves† and advises him to spend more time looking â€Å"stoic†. In order to be an Indian he says that he should look mean, like a warrior, to leave his hair free, not braided and to get rid of the suit. Victor: â€Å"†¦I mean, how many times have you seen Dances with Wolves ?A hundred? two hundred times? †¦Oh, jeez, you have seen it that many times, haven’t you? Man, do you think that shit is real? God. Don’t you even know to how to be a real Indian? Thomas (whispering): I guess not Victor (disgusted): Well, shit, no wonder. Jezz, I guess I’ll have to teach you then, enit? First of all, quit grinning like an idiot. Indians ain’t supposed to smile like that. Get stoic†¦You got to look like you just got back from killing a buffalo. Thomas: But our tribe never hunted buffalo. We were fishermen. Victor: What? You want to look like you just came back from catching fish? It ain’t Dances with Salmon, you know? Man, you think a fisherman is tough? Thomas, you got to look like a warrior. â€Å"This scene plays with the notion of a stereotyped Indian identity and ends up confronting racism face to face. At the next stop Thomas returns from the toilet a different figure, his hair unbraided, his suit replaced by a Frybread Power T-shirt and jeans. He is happy and relaxed, only to find two rednecks have taken their seats. The deflation is palpable.† The scene is also a good example of how Victor rejects stereotypes and at the same time embraces them .He is confused. He doesn’t know who he is, but till the end, when both of them will obtain the ashes, they will also obtain some wisdom, they will discover each other: â€Å"the taciturn, inward man who was abused as a child, and the orphan who, it is true, seems to have gotten his world view at secondhand through the media†. The two boys represent the future, but Arnold, Victor’s father is the past. He is a more complicated person than his son imagines and he is able to inspire the respect of the woman he was living with in Phoenix. There are some flashbacks in the movie that help in the revealing of the true character of the man to his son who has only resentment against him. First of all he finds out that his father was the one who set the house on fire that day, but he saved his life and now he is â€Å"waiting for him†. After he â€Å"killed† his friends, the first thing he did was to cut his hair. In that moment a part of the Indian in him died. Then, he hid in the alcohol but he couldn’t bear living there anymore so he had to leave. And â€Å"when Indians leave, they don’t come back.†. He didn’t want to leave his son, but he had nothing else to do. But not a single day passed without having his son in mind. He talked with the others about him, he rec alled his victories, he even told lies, all because he was so proud of his son. These were things that Victor didn’t know about his father but which helped him understand why he had chosen to live far from him. On returning home, feeling that he owed Thomas something for helping fund their trip to Phoenix , Victor offers Thomas half his fathers ashes. Thomas accepts the gift and tells a story: Im going to travel to Spokane Falls one last time and toss these ashes into the water. And your father will rise like a salmon, leap over the bridge, over me, and find his way home. It will be beautiful. His teeth will shine like silver, like a rainbow. He will rise, Victor, he will rise. In the end Thomas and Victor manage to discover themselves and to surpass this confusion regarding their identity induced by the stereotypical image the others have of them. Thomas helps Victor to abandon the father who has abandoned him, and to think of his father in a cultural way , â€Å"to reinterpret his father as a cultural tie, a point of continuity with the past, a fusion of historical memory and subjectivity (Said 158) that never stops, that, like the mythic phoenix, will always rise, a continual story of self emerging from the ash of older stories (98).†( Jerome DeNuccio). In the book Sherman Alexie managed to accomplish a criticism of the stereotypical portrayal of the Indian life more freely than in the movie which encountered the commercial pressure and both the director and the writer had to limit themselves in what they had to say. Bibliography: www.lib.rcsu.edu http://wsws.org/arts/1998/nov1998/smo-n20.shtml http://angam.ang.univie.ac.at http://rogerebert.suntimes.com Jerome DeNuccio, Critique (Atlanta, Ga.) 44 no1 86-96 Fall 2002 Research Papers on The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven versus Smoke SignalsWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Spring and Autumn

Your Tequila May Contain Methanol

Your Tequila May Contain Methanol Happy Cinco de Mayo! If your holiday celebration includes tequila, you may be interested to know the American Chemical Society (ACS) has found that some tequila contains methanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethanol. What are these chemicals? In case youre wondering, no, these are not good and desirable chemicals to drink. The alcohol in alcoholic beverages that you drink is ethyl alcohol or ethanol (grain alcohol). Methanol (wood alcohol) and other alcohols are the types that can make you go blind and otherwise cause permanent neurological damage, not to mention give you a nasty hangover. The ACS purposely timed the release of the results to coincide with Cinco de Mayo, to raise awareness of the quality control issue. Tequila made from 100% blue agave tended to have higher levels of undesirable chemicals than other types of tequila (pure agave tequila is usually considered superior). What This Means Does this mean tequila somehow bad? No, actually tequila is one of the best-regulated alcoholic beverages in the world. The results not only point out a potential health hazard for this drink but also indicate other beverages are probably adulterated with contaminants. Its the nature of distillation. The process relies on boiling point differences between liquids, which means good control of temperature is key. Also, the first and last portion of alcohol that is distilled (the heads and the tails) contain other compounds besides ethanol. Not all of these molecules are bad, so a distiller may choose to retain a certain amount. Then, there is a risk of picking up contaminants during the aging process. Its tricky, which is why top-shelf tequila is likely way better than home-grown moonshine, as far as your health goes. Yet, its possible to distill alcohol without unwanted compounds. Why does the problem persist? Its partly a matter of economics, where a distillery determines what level of contamination is acceptable. Increasing purity decreases yield which decreases profit. Its partly a compromise between making a product with premium flavor, color, and scent while keeping toxins to a minimum.

Streptococcus pyogenes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Streptococcus pyogenes - Essay Example Most types need an enriched media (blood agar). They spread through respiratory secretions. In human- beings, Streptococci causing diseases generally occur in the respiratory tract, bloodstream or appear as skin diseases. If it is a respiratory infection, then its habitat would be the pharyngitis or tonsillitis but in case of a skin infection it occurs as pyoderma. Streptococcus Pyogenes creates inflammatory lesions at the portal of its entry which is most often the upper portion of the respiratory tract. At times it infects the lower respiratory tract and causes infections of the sinuses (sinusitis), or lungs (pneumonia) or the middle ear (otitis media), Streptococci are both useful as well as harmful. They are essential and are used as indicators of pollution and in various dairy and industrial processes. But beside its good side, it also has a dangerous side to it. Of all bacterial pathogens that attack humans, streptococcus A causes the most number of diseases. It is harmful and causes many significant diseases among which are – rheumatic heart, impetigo, scarlet fever glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, periodontal disease and pneumonia. For the past several decades scientists and researchers have focused their attention on two primary species which cause severe infections: They are - S pyogenes (group A streptococci) and S pneumoniae (pneumococci). Streptococcus pyogenes is a common and clinically important human bacterial pathogen causing a wide range of invasive and non-invasive disease, as well as non-suppurative sequelae. (Cunningham, M. W. (2000) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13, 470–511). This bacteria attacks the inner lining of the throat and is highly contagious. Symptoms include severe pain and redness of the throat. The patient experiences swelling within the throat and has difficulty in swallowing. This is accompanied by fever and uneasiness. It is very difficult to diagnose

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 40

Marketing - Essay Example Such beads and jewelry also attract tourists from other countries who come to learn culture and way of life of a group of people. The company will focus on making of quality beads and jewelry which are cheap for locals to buy and attractive to tourists. In order to achieve this, the company will need to purchase various local materials and beads, which will be combined in different colors and proportions to appeal to the customers. The company will be dealing in making of jewelry and beads, which will be used as ornaments, beauty products in the house, decorations in public occasions like weddings and general decorations in offices. The company will need beads shaping machines, firing equipment and a number of workers who will be joining the beads and jewelry to form meaningful shapes and structures. Paints and colors will also be needed to turn the sculptured beads into the desired colors and decorations (Dismore, 15). Market identification is a crucial thing for any business. It is the realization of the different needs of different markets and structuring products so that they can suit every buyer in the market. This phase of business formation is crucial because without good market identification the business will incur loses and eventually fails in operation. The best segmentation technique in the jewelry line of business is the using demographic factors. In this case, an entrepreneur is supposed to consider such factors as age ranges and their concentrations in the market, gender ratios, and its effect in the market, the different ethnic communities in the market, and education levels of the community. Other factors that also need to be considered include the different occupations in the community, the religion and religious views of the community and the income status of the different families in the community (Dismore, 33). This market

International Relation Essay Example for Free

International Relation Essay The writing of Nicholas Kristof offers an objective and practical insight into one of the lease understood and one of the most ignored regions in world-Africa. Unlike many arm chair theorists, Kristof has personally made a number of detours of Africa, especially its violence torn regions, notably Darfur in Sudan, Congo, Somalia and Liberia, seen the devastation wrecked by years of conflict, met the victims, listened their tales, and took their stories to international audience. However, unlike many reporters, Kristof’s stories do not end with the tales of the victims, but they involve readers by raising the question of individual actions on readers’ part. The images and narrations that subtly form the watermark of Kristof’s canvas continue to remind readers that while governments across the world would try to approach the problem from political consideration, the human crisis and tragedy unfolding in African regions also necessitates participation by international citizens. In several of this blogs Kristof makes it clear that participation doesn’t imply people taking the first flight to Africa-it’s about creating a sense of solidarity and unity about the cause, creating a notion of identification, and inspiring people with the idea that something should be done. Action, Kristof maintains, comes quite later; and even when it comes, it may not be the direct action. However, once people reach a collective level of thought and idea, they are better positioned to create the platform for the action. Kristof brings out the daily landscape of war ravished African towns, uprooted people, and broken societies and culture simply, but very realistically and powerfully. His writing is not about convincing people of what he has seen or experienced, but rather of allowing them to experience his experiences. Gradually, building a continuous series of small insights, events, narrations, stories, Kristof takes readers to the depth of his observation, and the Africa, which most of his readers have only seen in images, movies and news, assumes a living shape, speaking to the readers through its people whom Kristof meets and interviews. The vagueness lifts and we see real people living through some of the most difficult situations imaginable, and yet maintaining the semblance of life, order, and ordinary hope in their endeavor to construct as stable a future as the circumstances allow them. Through Kristof work we also get a taste of what developed nations are doing or pretending to do in Sudan, Congo, Somalia, Chad, and various other countries that are locked in vicious conflict. As it appears the network and coordination among global organizations, particularly UN and individuals appears to be more effectual that aid programs and campaigns run by European and American governments. The amount of aid and help, although promised in hundreds of millions of dollars and Euros, hardly make to the people who would need it most. And yet, life moves on in Africa. And it is this depiction of movement, constant change, and readiness to accept even the most challenging circumstances, upheavals and uncertainties and assimilate them as a daily part of life and move ahead, that makes Kristof’s work on Africa significant and vital from every social and political aspect. Africa For a very considerable time Africa had been called the ‘Dark Continent’. This term, if analyzed closely, is not a reflection upon Africa, but upon the rest of the world, who could not, or rather did not peer into a whole and huge continent. Thus when the world called Africa as Dark continent, it was admittance of their own ignorance and lack of knowledge about the place, that in all probability was the origin of humankind. Africa consist of 53 independent countries today, and numerous tribes, ethnic communities and cultures, which are spread from the extent of Sahara desert to the deep recess of equatorial rain forests. By western standards, Africa is not developed and advanced, which is surprising considering the fact that for a larger part of previous couple of centuries, a considerable portion of Africa was colonized by various European powers. Today our understanding of Africa has widened considerably, thanks to dedicated explorers, researchers, aid and charity workers, and of course media. However, if we try to put this understanding in different compartments of knowledge, the images and visions making up the almost the entire picture constitute of a poverty-stricken, war ravished, famished, diseased, illiterate, and generally suffering population which is looking towards rest of the world for help and aid. Indeed these images are not doctored and they do represent the reality that they want to convey; however, it is vital to understand that real as they are, the images, videos and clips that we see on news channels, books and books form only a part of the vast reality of Africa. The northern provinces of Africa exhibit cultural influence of both Asia and Europe, with their geographical proximity to both these continents. Countries situated near the equator have a rich blend of tribal and semi urban cultural influence. Within previous 50 years, many of the countries have made remarkable progress, such as Cameroon, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, and Uganda among many others. However, there is a the bitter reality of intense regional conflict, tribal clashes and war that has deeply afflicted several major countries of Africa, the notable among them being Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, and Chad. Decades of conflict in these regions have claimed millions of lives, and created an international humanitarian crisis of a magnitude that is often compared to the crisis of Jews during the Second World War. Unfortunately the international knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of Africa and its people is extremely limited and dependent upon only the eye catching events that occur there. In the recent decades, much of the Africa has been projected from suffering through political stability, collapse of the law and order, war, famine, and tribal conflict. These images and stories persuade people to drop Africa from their travel itinerary; Africa is never considered in the same way as Europe, Australia or Asia Pacific countries are considered.

race in sports :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chad Lawrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sports and Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March 7, 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sports is what has molded us into the people we are today. The world of sports is so unique, and people have different interest and fascinations. From being a child I can remember watching the Red Sox and Celtics with my father and becoming a die hard fan for those teams due to my family being serious fans. Not only did watching those games turn me into a good New England fan but it also gave me some good quality time with my father and brothers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie we watched showed all the emotions that can come from sport. Whether it would be a gratifying moment with a win for your team, or a devastating moment with a loss. That is what makes you grow when you are a younger kid growing up. A kid who can handle a loss in his life with the same dignity as a win will become a better person in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In class discussion we talked about how in today’s age younger kids do not have the same interest to get involved in sports as they used to. It seems that today younger kids are more interested in playing video games, then to take part in a sport and learn the team aspect of life and how to get along with each other and work as a team. Learning in sports is something people do not understand unless you are a true athlete. In the game of baseball there is so much silent communication not everyone knows about. You have nine men on the field who have the same mind set and that is to do anything you can to win this game and help your teammates. If a kid can learn this at a young age and carry this on with him through life, he will become that much of a better worker when he is at the office or wherever they might be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We also discussed the role of women in sports and that is a uniqueness in its self. Girls sports are becoming more of a interest to the public then it once had. This is in direct relation to the U.S Woman Soccer championship game over China. Mia hamm got girls real interested in soccer as well as fans. With the WNBA growing every year it has been

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna

The Atlantic bluefin tuna is one of the largest and fastest fish in the world. Atlantic tuna are built for speed; they can reach speeds up to 50 mph. Atlantic tuna have very large appetite, the average size of an Atlantic tuna is 6. 5 feet and they usually weigh around 550 pounds. The largest Atlantic bluefin tuna ever caught was caught in Nova Scotia and weighed 1,496 pounds. Atlantic tuna are a gray and silver colour on their underside and then a dark blueish colour on the topside, this helps them with camouflage because from under them it looks like they are part of the sky and the dark blue from a top view makes them look like part of the dark water. Atlantic bluefin tuna is also very delicious, so tuna have been affected by over-fishing and that has lowered the population to drop critically low. Tuna positively affects humans because we use them for food and sport, tuna are huge and you don’t need a lot of them to have a large amount of meat and that’s one of the main reasons humans like to eat tuna. Atlantic tuna have been eaten by humans for along time, but in the 1970s the demand for tuna went up so commercial fishing operations found a new way to catch them. The way fishing industries caught fish was with fleets of giant ships with huge nets to catch large amounts of fish; this act of over-fishing almost caused this species of fish to go extinct. Atlantic tuna are also affected by many other problems, such as acidification and ocean debris. Tuna are affected by acidification because smaller animals that tuna rely on as food die because of acidification. If there is not enough food for tuna to eat then bigger predators that rely on tuna as food will starve, ways we can stop this from happening include; banning offshore drilling and conserving energy. Atlantic tuna are affected by ocean debris because when commercial fishing boats drop their nets in the ocean sometimes when they are done with the net they will just leave it in the ocean, this results in many ocean animals (such as tuna) to be caught in the net and die. It is now more important than ever for people to do what the politicians failed to do – stop consuming bluefin tuna,† Dr. Tudela, Head of Fisheries at WWF Mediterranean Atlantic bluefin tuna are mainly found in the western Atlantic, but they are also found around Newfoundland and the Gulf of Mexico. Tuna usually live in the open ocean, but they can be seen jumping out of the water catching small fish. Tuna mostly live in groups; schools of tuna can be found feeding, just hanging out or migrating thousands of miles across the Atlantic. Atlantic tuna faces many problems such as the ones I previously wrote about, but if we want to put a stop to those problems we need to find a solution. One of the things we can do is make fishing seasons, if the government was to make a certain time when it was okay to fish for tuna and then once the season was over fishermen couldn’t fish for tuna anymore. I think that that is a pretty good plan but we would have to do more than that, for example they could ban tuna fishing for a year or a designated time duration and then check to see if the tuna population increases. Ocean debris and Acidification is also a problem, the way to stop that is not very hard, people just need to take the initiative to stop dumping harmful chemicals, non-organic waste material, ect. â€Å"After overwhelming scientific justification and growing political support in past months – with backing from the majority of catch quota holders on both sides of the Atlantic – it is scandalous that governments did not even get the chance to engage in meaningful debate about the international trade ban proposal for Atlantic bluefin tuna,† –Dr. Sergi Tudela, Head of Fisheries at WWF Mediterranean

Module

There is a positive correlation between the longer a child attend pre-school and high IQ scores. Children who can afford to spend a lot of time in pre-school have parents who are wealthy and likely educated, providing them with good genes and thus are likely to have high IQ scores. Children with high IQ scores perform well in pre-school and incentives their parents to keep them in pre-school longer. Part C. 16. The hypothesis is that students will understand math material better when they duty while listening to classical music. 7. The independent variable is the setting in which the students study, whether that is with classical music or no classical music. 18. The dependent variable is how well the students perform on the math test administered after one month 19. The experimental group is the group of students who study math while listening to Mozart. 20. The control group is the group of students who study without listening to music. 21 . There isn't really a placebo group, no on e is receiving a fake treatment, they are either listening to music or not. 22. Mr†¦Ross randomly assigned students to the group that they are in to help prevent confounds. He also administered the same math test to both groups of students. 23. Experimenter bias is possible because Mr†¦ Ross could have graded the math test differently based on what group the student was. Also he could have interpreted the difference between the two groups as a result of the music but it really was Just random chance. 24. The hypothesis is that Hawthorne believes that employees working in brighter light environments will have increased productivity. 25.The independent variable is he setting in which the employees work, whether it is bright or dark environments. 26. The dependent variable is the productivity of the workers. 27. The experimental group is the group of employees that work in the brighter work environment (100 watt lighting). 28. The control group is the group of employees that work in the regular lighting area (70 watt lighting). 29. There is no placebo because there is no fake treatment or pill that is given for psychological benefits of the patients, there are just 2 group, one with 100 watt lighting and one with 70 watt lighting.

Scwamp Analysis Essay Example

Scwamp Analysis Essay Example Scwamp Analysis Paper Scwamp Analysis Paper SCWAMP- Straight, Christian, White, Able-bodied, Male, Property-Owning. I remember once back when Miller Lite had these series of â€Å"Man Law† commercials, but at the time I did not notice that they where performing a SCWAMP analysis. â€Å"The Men of the Square Table†, consisted of Jerome Bettis (retired running back for the Pittsburg Steelers), Eddie Griffin (comedian and actor), Ty Murray (rodeo cowboy), Triple H (wrestler), Burt Reynolds (actor), and others. All these men were straight, and were not a fan of feminine ways. For instance, the famous quote, â€Å"Man Law†. This quote made it clear if a scenario was accepted or not. The commercial does not really express a form of the religion, Christianity. To me it seems like the real religion here is the Miller Lite beer. I feel the beer bottle signifies the bible because the all having one sitting at the table, and toast them up when they all consider a scenario a â€Å"Man Law†. Which brings me to how the word â€Å"Man Law†, signifies something along the lines of The Ten Commandments. Even though there are mixed races at the table, Burt Reynolds, a white man, was the moderator of the table. He has the final say on whether each scenario brought up is a â€Å"Man Law† or not. While other people at the table of a different race, Jerome Bettis, has to question every scenario that is brought upon the table, ultimately having to settle for what ever the white man concludes is accepted or not. Also, the Latin guy who was at the table thought it was â€Å"ok† to slice a piece of lime in stick it in your beer, but was heavily contradicted by the table. Everyone at this is able-bodied except one guy, Aron Ralston who had to amputate his arm when a boulder fell on it. Even though it puts him at the bottom of the totem pole when it comes o being able-bodied, it shows a great form of being manly. But those men that are able-bodied are athletes, actors, which demonstrate that they have to being able to perform physically at what the do. Triple H, had an occasion where he actually got mad when he thought he was not going to be able to rip his shirt off anymore, but did it anyway. Being that everyone at the table is male, and they are drinking a manly drink (beer), is more than enough evidence what Miller Lite is trying to portray. Lite beer is usually geared towards woman, but Miller Lite puts the manliest figures at a table drinking it, because Miller Lite knew it would take the feminine away from the product. Property-Owning, goes back to the moderator of the table. Everyone at the table is dressed casually, but Burt Reynolds has a suit on. This shows that he is wealthy, and the chances of him owning something is very high. Also, shows how he is the ultimate SCWAMP at the table. He fulfills all the traits of a SCWAMP. Everyone, both male and female, can perform a SCWAMP analysis of themselves. But, females will never be able to completely meet all of the standards because to the â€Å"M† in SCWAMP. I feel that can be one of the major factors of why many feminist do not like this type of analysis, it puts every single female in a hole from the start.

Love Themes in Romeo and Juliet

Love Themes in 'Romeo and Juliet' Romeo and Juliet has become forever associated with love. The play has become an iconic story of love and passion, and the name â€Å"Romeo† is still used to describe young lovers. Shakespeare’s treatment of love in the play is complex and multifaceted. He uses love in its many guises to thread together the key relationships in the play. Fickle Love Some characters fall in and out of love very quickly in Romeo and Juliet. For example, Romeo is in love with Rosaline at the start of the play, which is presented as an immature infatuation. Today, we might use the term â€Å"puppy love† to describe this. Romeo’s love for Rosaline is shallow, and nobody really believes that it will last, including Friar Laurence: Romeo. Thou chidst me oft for loving Rosaline.Friar Laurence. For doting, not for loving, pupil mine. Similarly, Paris’ love for Juliet is borne out of tradition, not passion. He has identified her as a good candidate for a wife and approaches her father to arrange the marriage. Although this was the tradition at the time, it also says something about Paris’ staid attitude towards love. He even admits to Friar Laurence that in his haste to rush the wedding through he hasn’t discussed it with his bride-to-be: Friar Laurence. On Thursday, sir? the time is very short.Paris. My father Capulet will have it so;And I am nothing slow to slack his haste.Friar Laurence. You say you do not know the ladys mind:Uneven is the course, I like it not.Paris. Immoderately she weeps for Tybalts death,And therefore have I little talked of love; Romantic Love Our classic idea of romantic love is embodied in Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare presents this as a force of nature, so strong that it transcends societal conventions. This idea is established in the play’s prologue with the line â€Å"a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life.† Perhaps Romeo and Juliets love is fate - there love is given cosmic significance which can, therefore, overturn the social boundaries of â€Å"fair Verona.† Their love is disallowed by the Capulet and Montague households, and Juliet is to marry Paris – Yet, they inevitably find themselves drawn together. Other Types of Love Many of the friendships in the play are as sincere as Romeo and Juliet’s love for one another. The close relationships between Juliet and her Nurse, and between Romeo, Mercutio and Benvolio are meaningful and heartfelt. They care deeply for another and protect each others honor – this ultimately costs Mercutio his life. This platonic love is offset by the sexual innuendos made by some characters – particularly Juliet’s Nurse and Mercutio. Their view of love is earthy and purely sexual, creating an effective contrast with Romeo and Juliet’s romanticism.

Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project 2 - Essay Example The site was published in 1999 and was developed from a paper published in 1996. Consequently, some of the information in the site may be out of date and it does not represent state-of-the-art research. Nevertheless, the site provides a valuable resource, and the information that it contains is important for understanding geological phenomena throughout the world. The Glomar Challenger and JOIDES Resolution The Glomar Challenger is a research vessel developed in the 1960s, which studies of marine biology, and had the ability to collect core samples from the deep ocean floor. The ship was involved in a scientific expedition in 1968 that provided important evidence towards the seafloor spreading hypothesis. In the 1990’s a ship was designed for the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), named the JOIDES Resolution. This vessel is also focused on research, and has the ability to drill deeper than the Glomar Challenger and to produce higher precision po sitioning. The ship carries more than 9,000 meters of pipe for drilling (Kious & Tilling, 1999b). Having research vessels such as these allows researchers to develop extensive knowledge about the way that the processes within the earth interact, and what can be expected from these interactions. Major concentrations of earthquakes Throughout the world, earthquakes tend to be centered along oceanic spreading ridges and trenches. The most prominent of these are the Wadati-Benioff zones. The continental earthquakes that occur are highly concentrated in The People’s Republic of China. Additionally, there is also a high concentration of earthquakes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. This is a particularly relevant area as it is considered to be the world’s most seismically active zone (Kious & Tilling, 1999d). The majority of earthquakes in Europe are concentrated in the Caribbean region, and there are relatively few inland. Undersea hot springs In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs that occurred on the Galapagos Rift at a depth of 2.5 kilometers. This discovery was significant as it was the first such hot spring that had been found on the deep ocean floor, although their existence had been predicted since the 1970s. The remarkable fact about these (and other) undersea hot springs is that diversity and abundance of unusual sea life that lives surrounding these springs. For example, large clams and mussels as well as giant sea worms, were found around the 1977 system. Unusual bacteria have also been found in these systems that oxidize hydrogen sulfide. These provide the lowest level of the hot springs ecosystem, and they obtain their nutrients from the gases which exit the hot springs. Consequently, these areas represent a unique ecosystem, as the temperature of the spring can be up to 380Â °C (Kious & Tilling, 1999a). Plate boundaries The first type of plate boundary is a divergent boundary. This occurs wh

Banking concept of education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Banking concept of education - Essay Example Banking concept of education Particularly, I would like to describe the manner in which the tutor conducted the lesson from the beginning to the end in relation to the arguments by Freire that related to the banking concept of education. The most specific and outstanding thing is that in the class duration, the tutor’s mode of teaching appeared to have been more inclined towards inquiry-based education or problem-solving education. However, there are instances when the tutor’s teaching methods could have been perceived as focusing on ‘depositing and withdrawing’ aspects of banking; except that in this case, it was in the contextualization of education. It was on a Friday morning Philosophy class in which the tutor introduced the concept of critical thinking. In analyzing his thoughts on the same, it dawned on me that the best approach to education should be that which seeks in solving problems through offering of solutions to the same. Critical thinking as a subject area is a diverse f ield and in most cases, students just take down notes and only revise on them when the exams period are approaching. Actually, for some students, the passing of the exams is more essential than the knowledge itself. Applying the Freire’s argument of libertarian process of education, would have greatly led to the demystification of the teaching concepts that were espoused by the tutor. For instance, in beginning the class, the tutor asked each student to theorize, and then apply in immediate contexts the instances in which we had to engage critical thinking skills in making rational decisions. The attainment of this was through the provision of a sit-in-test that lasted for 30 minutes. While this was opposed by a section of other students, I noticed that the tutor wanted each one of us to be more of problem-solvers than bankers of education. Consequently, the tutor’s selection and use of language and practical illustrations for the topic indicated his intention for the adoption of the problem-posing and solving strategies to education. From the point of view of Freire, I perceive this distinguishing and objective learning style adopted by the tutor as useful and can be further applied in admonishing creativity among the students. However, on the other hand, I perceived the tutor’s ways of teaching as those that were inclined to the banking systems of education. According to Freire, the banking concept of education mostly perceives students as just but, recipients of what their teachers tell them irrespective of their content or the factual truth behind them. In support of this, I noticed that there were instances when the tutor just mentioned concepts or recited them without proper explanations on the same. This in my opinion assumes students to be but, receiving and withdrawing machines that just re-cycle concepts as stated by the teachers. I noticed that this was a dangerous situation, despite having been used by most teachers to refill t heir narrations on students. In assessing this position, I would also agree with Freire in this line since, it only makes students to be storage devices who only store that which has been

Homeostasis in humans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homeostasis in humans - Essay Example Core to this is the human body’s management of a variety of highly complex relations, critical in maintaining either a return to, or a balance of, normal functionality of the body (Guyton & Hall, 2006:310). This is achieved through three core types of processes i.e. thermoregulation, osmo-regulation and chemical regulation. Such interactions vitally facilitate changes, which are compensatory in nature and hence supportive of both psychological and physical human functionality. In the case of an imbalance, a function is usually altered, causing a reversal of the functionality back to its normal settings (Guyton & Hall, 2006:317). This is exemplified by the function of human skin, with an increase in temperature necessitating thermo-receptor feedback to the brain’s hypothalamus. This results in increased sweating, as a way of balancing the temperature. In the case of blood pH imbalance, chemoreceptors send messages to the brain’s respiratory center, thus enhancing the affected individual’s respiratory rate (Guyton & Hall, 2006:324). Other processes crucial in the maintenance of homeostasis include the body’s balance of electrolyte and blood pressure levels. Core to this body functionality, is the input of various body organs i.e. the human brain, the kidneys and the liver. The latter two’s role in maintaining homeostasis is undisputed, with the brain’s endocrine system, hypothalamus sector, and its autonomic nervous system being core to this functionality. The human pair of kidneys is on their part essential for a number of roles i.e. the re-absorption of substances into the blood circulation; the excretion of human waste matter and urea; the regulation of blood water levels and blood pH, in addition to maintaining iron and salt levels in circulation (Maton et al., 1993:35). As Marieb and Hoehn (2007) allude, the liver provides core maintenance of

Polyesters: Characteristics and Applications

Polyesters: Characteristics and Applications Scrunch it, wash it without any wear and wrinkles. Thats what polyester became famous for. Polyester was the fabric of choice in a changing economy of speed, efficiency and convenience. If the food industry produced fries and coke, the textile industry supplemented it with Polyester quick, cheap and easy. It was W.H. Carothers who discovered that alcohols and carboxyl acids could be successfully mixed to create fibers. Carothers was working for duPont at the time and unfortunately when he discovered Nylon, polyester took a back seat. PET Terylene Carothers incomplete research had not advanced to investigating the polyester formed from mixing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. It was British scientists Whinfield and Dickson who patented PET or PETE in 1941. Polyethylene terephthalate forms the basis for synthetic fibers like Dacron, Terylene and polyester. Later that year, the first polyester fiber Terylene was created by Whinfield and Dickson along with Birtwhistle and Ritchiethey. Terylene was first manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI. DuPonts Role It was in 1946 that duPont bought all legal rights from ICI. In 1950, the Dealware property of duPont manufactured another polyester fiber, which they named Dacron. Mylar was introduced in 1952. Polyester was first introduced to the American public in 1951 as the magical fabric that needed no ironing! PET and PEN are duPont trademarks that have turned the use and consumption of Polyester around. Polyester Becomes Popular Subsequent to the development of Terylene and Dacron, Kodel was developed by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc in 1958. The polyester market underwent rapid expansion and textile mills emerged everywhere. Many of the mills were located at small gas stations and produced cheap polyester apparel. The inexpensive and durable fiber became very popular and the industry expanded rapidly till the 1970s. Unfortunately, the infamous double-knit polyester image hit the industry and polyester soon came to be known as the uncomfortable fabric. The Phoenix Rises Today, polyester is largely regarded as a cheap fabric that is rather uncomfortable for sensitive human skin to wear. However, the emergence of luxury fibers like polyester microfiber and various polyester blends the industry is experiencing resurgence. The Tennessee Eastman Company and the Man-Made Fiber Producers Associations (MMFPA) Polyester Fashion Council played a significant role in the revival of polyester. The Tennessee Eastman Company started a YES campaign for polYESter and popularized it via radio and television. The idea was to focus on the wash and go properties of polyester rather than sell it as a cheap fabric. Hoechst Fibers Industries also played a part. They conducted various studies from 1981 to 1983 and found that 89% of people could not distinguish between polyester and other natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. Also, it was found that people were more interested in the appearance of the apparel than the fabric it was made of. Today, the biggest contributor to the appeal of polyester is the discovery of microfibers. Microfibers give polyester the feel of silk and are rapidly becoming the choice of fabric. With an expensive tag to match, the cheap image of polyester seems to be on its way out. Heres to heralding a new era in the history of polyester! Polyester is a term often defined as long-chain polymers chemically composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol and a terephthalic acid. In other words, it means the linking of several esters within the fibers. Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid results in the formation of esters. Polyester also refers to the various polymers in which the backbones are formed by the esterification condensation of polyfunctional alcohols and acids. Polyester can also be classified as saturated and unsaturated polyesters. Saturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the polyester backbones are saturated. They are thus not as reactive as unsaturated polyesters. They consist of low molecular weight liquids used as plasticizers and as reactants in forming urethane polymers, and linear, high molecular weight thermoplastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron and Mylar). Usual reactants for the saturated polyesters are a glycol and an acid or anhydride. Unsaturated polyesters refer to that family of polyesters in which the backbone consists of alkyl thermosetting resins characterized by vinyl unsaturation. They are mostly used in reinforced plastics. These are the most widely used and economical family of resins. Characteristics of polyester Polyester fabrics and fibers are extremely strong. Polyester is very durable: resistant to most chemicals, stretching and shrinking, wrinkle resistant, mildew and abrasion resistant. Polyester is hydrophobic in nature and quick drying. It can be used for insulation by manufacturing hollow fibers. Polyester retains its shape and hence is good for making outdoor clothing for harsh climates. It is easily washed and dried. Uses of Polyester The most popular and one of the earliest uses of polyester was to make polyester suits all the rage in the 70s. Polyester clothes were very popular. Due to its strength and tenacity polyester was also used to make ropes in industries. PET bottles are today one of the most popular uses of polyester. Polyester care tips Taking care of polyester clothing is really easy and very time efficient. Polyester clothing can be machine washed and dried. Adding a fabric softener generally helps. Dry the fabric at low temperatures to get maximum usage from the clothing. Though polyester does not require much ironing, if you must then iron warm. Polyester can be dry-cleaned with no hassles. Polyester is the choice of fiber and fabric for many industries. It can be applied to a wide variety of useful purposes. Use of polyester in garments Polyester is used in the manufacturing of all kinds of clothes and home furnishings like bedspreads, sheets, pillows, furniture, carpets and even curtains. The disco clothing of the 70s with all its jazz and flash was made of polyester. Hydrophobic nature: High tenacity and good durability makes polyester the choice of fabric for high stress outdoors use. Polyester is also a strong fiber that is hydrophobic in nature. It is thus ideal for clothing to be used in wet and damp environments. The fabric is also coated with a water-resistant finish and further intensifies the hydrophobic nature. Being the most heavily recycled polymer worldwide, it is also used by climbers. Climbing suits, parkas, sleeping bags and other outdoor gear are using the new insulating polyester fiberfill products. One can also do winter windsurfing wearing dry suits lined with polyester fleece. Creating insulation: By creating hollow fibers it is also possible to build insulation into the polyester fiber. Air is trapped inside the fiber, which is then warmed by the heat of the body. This keeps the body warm in cold weather. Another method to build insulation is to use crimped polyester in a fiberfill. The crimp helps keep the warm air in. Polyester is an ideal fabric for this kind of insulation because it retains its shape. Cotton and wool tend to flatten over a period of time and loose the warming effect. Wrinkle resistant: Polyester is also wrinkle resistant and is used very often in everyday clothing like pants, shirts, tops, skirts and suits. Used either by itself or as a blend, it is also stain resistant and hence very popular. Industrial uses of polyester While clothing used to be the most popular use of polyester and which made it a household name worldwide, there are many other uses polyester is put to. PET: The most common use of polyester today is to make the plastic bottles that store our much beloved beverages. Shatterproof and cheap these bottles are an absolute boon to the beverages industry. Mylar: An unusual and little known use of polyester is in the manufacturing of balloons. Not the rubber kind that you use for water balloons but the really pretty decorated ones that are gifted on special occasions. These are made of Mylar a kind of polyester film manufactured by DuPont. The balloons are made of a composite of Mylar and aluminum foil. Miscellaneous: Polyester is also used to manufacture high strength ropes, thread, hoses, sails, floppy disk liners, power belting and much more in industries. Thus, polyester has many uses for homes and industries as well. The process of manufacturing polyester is fascinating. It is an artificial man-made fiber. Polyesters are generally manufactured from petroleum from which the constituent acids and alcohols are derived. There are three steps in the synthesizing of polyester. Condensation Polymerization: When acid and alcohol are reacted in a vacuum at high temperatures it results in condensation polymerization. Once the polymerization has occurred the material is extruded onto a casting trough in the form of a ribbon. Once cool, the ribbon hardens and is cut into chips. Melt-spun Fiber: The chips are dried completely. Hopper reservoirs are then used to melt the chips. A unique feature of polyester is that it is melt-spun fiber. The chips are heated, extruded through spinnerets and cools upon hitting the air. It is then loosely wound around cylinders. Drawing: The fibers consequently formed are hot stretched to about five times their original length. This helps to reduce the fiber width. This fiber is now ready and would into cones as filaments. It can also be crimped and cut into staple lengths as per requirements. Different Types Of Polyester There are several processes that can be carried out on the base polyester fiber. These processes add dimension to the polyester fiber as required for various end uses. Polyester is a bright fiber by nature. However, it can be made dull or semi-dull by adding a delusterant. By changing the shape of the spinneret also, the hand and the strength of the fiber can be changed. Most spinnerets are circular. However, square, oval and bean-shaped fibers are also produced sometimes. Hollow fibers can also be created. Polyester fiber is generally drawn to about five times its original length. However, drawing it out further makes it thinner. This is how the latest microfibers are being manufactured. Dyeing can give desired colors of polyester fiber. Normal polyester fiber is long and smooth. Crimping it can give the fiber more bulk and texture and increase its insulation capabilities. Using Polyester Once the polyester fiber is ready it is used to make filament and spun yarns. The yarns can be blended with other fibers to make various blended fabrics. Polyester and cotton are a popular combination. Wool and rayon are also blended with polyester to make fabrics. Polyesters are long chain synthetic polymers that have ester linkages. Polyester materials are used as fibers, plastics, and films; in composites and elastomers; and as coatings. They are truly versatile materials. In the late 1920s American chemist Wallace Carothers and his research group at DuPont began to investigate the formation of polymers from the reaction of aliphatic di acids (having two acid groups) with diols (having two alcohol groups), in search of materials that would give them fibers. At first they were able to form only syrupy mixtures. But the Carothers group did make polyester fibers. They investigated a wide array of dialcohols, diacids, and w-hydroxy acids for use as starting points. Some of the polyesters that they achieved were solids, but they had rather low melting points and thus were not useful as fiber materials. The lack of success was due to the fact that the researchers had used only aliphatic diacids. In order to form long polymer chains, the reactive groups of the reactants must be present in approximately equal amounts. This is easily achieved via the use of amines and the subsequent formation of amine salts. (Diols do not easily form salts.) Carotherss group un derstood the principle of driving an equilibrium reaction and so sought to remove water from their amine salt mixtures, thus forcing the reaction toward ester formation. For this they developed a so-called molecular still, which involved heating the mixture and applying a vacuum coupled with a cold-finger that allowed evacuated water to condense and be removed from the reaction system. Even with this understanding and lots of hard work, they achieved polymer chains with fewer than 100 repeat units. (See Figure 2.) The DuPont research team turned from the synthesis of polyesters to tackle, more successfully, the synthesis of polyamides. The experience with polyesters was put to use in the making of polyamides. Initial polyester formation actually occurred much earlier and is attributed to Gay Lussac and Thà ©ophile-Jules Pelouze in 1833 and Jà ¶ns Jakob Berzelius in 1847. They did not realize what they had discovered, however, and so moved on to other work. Glyptal polyesters were first produced in 1901 by heating glycerol and phthalic anhydride. (See Figure 3.) Because the secondary hydroxyl is less active than the terminal, primary hydroxyl in glycerol, the initial product formed is a linear polyester. A cross-linked product is produced by further heating through reaction the third alcohol. Related compounds, alkyds, were synthesized by Kienle in the 1920s from trifunctional alcohols and dicarboxylic acids. Unsaturated oils (alcohols and anhydrides containing double bonds) were also reacted with phthalic anhydride, yielding polyesters that contained a double bond, which could be further reacted to produce cross-linked products. The extent of cross-linking or drying depends on the amount of unsaturated oil present. Today, the term alkyd is often used to describe all polyesters produced from the reaction of a diacid or anhydride and a diol or triol resulting in a product that contains a double bond that can be further reacted, giving a cross-linked product. (See Figure 4.) These polyesters are called unsaturated polyesters. They are mainly used in the production of reinforced plastics (composites) and nonreinforced filled products for the marine, automotive, and other industries. These glyptal and alkyd polyesters are useful as coating materials but not for fiber or plastic production. The first commercially available polyesters were made by GE in the 1920s. Called Glyptals à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ , they were used as sealing waxes. Out of the Glyptalà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ research came alkyd paints. Although these reactions had low fractional conversions, they formed high molecular weight materials because they had functionalities (i.e., a number of reactive groups on a single reactant) greater than 2, resulting in cross-linking. The heat resistance of Carotherss polyesters was not sufficient to withstand the temperature of the hot ironing process. Expanding on the work of Carothers and his coworkers on polyesters, Whinfield and Dickson, in England, overcame the problems of the Carothers group by using aromatic acids, especially terephthalic. This classic reaction, which produces plastics and fibers that are sold under a variety of tradenames, including Dacron, Fortrel, Trevira, and Terylene, and films sold under a variety of trade names that includes Mylar, is shown in Figure 5. All new plants now use pure acid for this reaction. Methyl alcohol, or methanol, is lower boiling than water (65  ° C compared with 100  ° C) and is thus more easily removed, allowing the reaction to be forced toward polymer formation more easily. Although this poly(aryl ester), produced by Whinfield and Dickson, poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET, met the specifications for a useful synthetic fiber, because of inferior molding machines and inadequate plastic technology, it was not possible to use it in injection molds. Until more recently PET was not a widely used plastic or film material. Although aromatic polyesters had been successfully synthesized from the reaction of ethylene glycol with various aromatic diacids (almost always terephthalic acid or its ester), commercialization of polyester synthesis awaited an inexpensive source of aromatic diacids. In 1953 an inexpensive process for the separation of the various xylene isomers by crystallization was discovered. The availability of inexpensive xylene isomers enabled the formation of terephthalic acid through the air oxidation of the p-xylene isomer. Du Pont, in 1953, produced polyester fibers from melt spinning, but it was not until the 1970s that these polyester fibers became commercially available. John Travolta and Karen Lynn Gorney in the 1970s hit film Saturday Night Fever. Polyester was a popular fabric used in clothing in the 1970s. In 2000 about 3,900 million pounds of polyester fiber were used in the United States, making it the largest single fiber group material. As with nylon, polyester fibers are comparable to and/or surpass common natural fibers such as cotton and wool in heat stability, wash-and-wear properties, and wrinkle resistance. Textiles blended from polyester, cotton, and wool (in varying combinations) can also be made to be permanent press and wrinkle resistant. The fibers are typically formed from melt or solvent spinning. Chemical and physical modification can generate fibers of differing fiber appearances from the same basic fiber material. Self-crimping textiles are made by combining materials that have differing shrinkage properties. Different shaped dyes produce materials with varying contours and properties, including hollow fibers. Along with the famous polyester suits and slacks, polyester fibers are widely used in undergarments, permanent press shirts, tire cord, and felts. Because the ease of processing and fabricating polyesters is related to the number of methylene groups (-CH 2 -) in the repeat units, scientists turned to the use of diols with additional methylene units. Whereas PET is difficult to mold because of its high melting point, Tm 240 ° C, poly(butylene terephthalate), or PBT, because of its two additional methylene units in the diol-derived portion, is lower melting with a Tg of about 170 ° C. PET also crystallizes relatively slowly, so extra care must be exercised to insure that PET molded products become fully crystallized. Otherwise, the partially crystallized portions will be preferred sites for cracking, crazing, shrinkage, and so on. By comparison, PBT melts at a lower temperature (as noted above), crystallizes more rapidly, and is often employed as a molding compound. PBT has properties that represent a balance between those of nylons and acetals. It is characterized by low moisture absorption, good fatigue resistance, good solvent resistance, extremely good self-lubrication, and good maintenance of its physical properties even at relatively high use temperatures. Fiber-reinforced PBT molding compound is sold under the trade-name Celanex. Another PBT molding compound was first sold under the trade name Valox. Today, there are many PBT molding compounds available. In 2000 worldwide production of PET was 30 million tons. The manufacture of PET textiles is increasing at 5 percent a year, of PET bottles at 10 percent a year. China produces the most polyesters. PET is now used extensively as bottling material for soft drinks instead of glass because it is shatterproof and lightweight. Carbon dioxide permeability decreases with increasing film thickness and crystalline. Glass has better CO 2 impermeability than PET in these respects. Therefore, to achieve optimal crystalline, partially crystalline PET is employed in the stretch blow molding process, carried out to promote further crystalline formation. It is also used for molded automobile parts. Over 500,000 tons of polyester engineering plastics are produced annually in the United States. Polymers are the origin of polyesters Classification of polymers:- Based on characterstics ,intended use and performances of the finished product, polyesters are divided into three main categories:- Plastics, fibres, elastomers. Plastics are widely variety of polymers-based composite materials which possess appreciable me chanical strength (they have stiff chains at room temperature) and are characterised by plasticity,they can be formed or moulded into useful shapes by application of heat andpressure. Materials which possess plasticity at some stage during their formation are also included in this category. Based on their thermal behaviour, plastics have been subdivided into thermoplatics (that soften and flow on heating) and thermosetting or thermohardening plastics (that set or harden on heating) A fibre is any material whose minimum length is 100 times its average diameter which should be less then .25 mm. fibres are natural (cotton, silk, wool) or artficially prepared long chain polymers with average molecular weight of 15000 or more. Fibre forming materials are characterised by high softening or melting points, a high degree of resistence to chemicals and solvents, high tensile strength and very hight rigidity They however undergo irreversible deformation. Elastomers or rubbrs are polyesters characterised by a very high degree of reversible or elastic deformation. They can be stretched to several times their original length but regain their previous shape or dimensions when the streching force is removed. The molecular chains of elastomers can exist in randomly coiled state and their elastic behaviour can be can be compared to that of the spring of a chest expander which uncoils and recoils on application and removal respectively, of an elongated force. The glass-transition temperatures of elastomers are very much below their use temperature. Preparation of polymers:- Bulk polymerization:- a free radical catalyst or initiator is dissolved in the monomer which is then heated and stirred in a suitable vessel. The polymerization n is exothermic and dissipation of heat through cooling ma y be required. As the reaction progresses, the suystem becomes vicious making stirring difficult. The method is economical and the product is of high purity. The technique is used for preapring polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polystyrene (PS) polymethymethacrylate (PMMA). Solution polymerization:- the monomer and catalyst (free radical, cationic and anionic) are dissolved in a suitable inert solvent.  The resulting solution is heated and stirred.  The presence of solvent helps in heat dissipation and in controlling viscosity. The solvent may interact and reduce the molecular wieght of the product whose isolation from the solution is uneconomical unles it is insoluble. The technique is employes where the polymer is to be used in solution form such that as in case of adhesives and surface coatings. Polyacrylonitrile, polyisobutylene and certain block copolymers are produced by this method. Suspension polymerization:- a solution of the catalyst in the monomer is disperse as fine droplets in a n inertsolvent,usually water. To stabilize the suspension, water soluble protective colloids such as polyvinyl alcohol, methyl cellulose or scratch are added and the mixture is kept stirring continuously. The problems of heat dissipation and viscosity increase are absent. The method gives a fairly high molecular weight product in the form of easily separable beads that can be filtered or centrifuged and water washed to remove the protective colloids. The technique is employed for the production of pvc,ps and styrene divinylbenzene copolymer(used for making ion-exchange resins)Emulsion polymerisation:- the particle size of the monomer is reduced to colloidal dimensions by more vigrous stirring and use of synthetic surfactants(aninoic,cationic or non-ionic)in place of protective colloids used in suspension polymerisation.usually water soluble catalysts such as persulphate, hydrogen p eroxide are used.thermal dissipaton and viscosity problems are absent. Both the rate of polymerisation and the molecular weight of the product formed are very high. The product which is in the form of fine particles dispersed in water (called latex) can be used directly as adhesive or an emulsion paint, or it can be isolated by coagulating with an electrolyte. The technique is employed for the industrial production of PVC, PCP, polybutadiene, polyacrylates, polymetyl methacrylate. Melt polycondensation:- The reactants are heated together in exact stochiometry above the melting point of the product, at which temperature the starting materials and product must be thermally stable. Oxygen has to be excluded form the reaction chamber to avoid oxidation at high temperature. Increase in viscosity makes removal of the by-product extremely difficult towards the end (unless high vacuum is applied) which may prevent formation of high molecular weight product. The molten polymer is usually sent directly forspinning, extrision etc. The technique is usually applied for the preparation of polyesters and polyamides. Interfacial polymerization:- The reaction takes place at the interface of between solutions of the recatants in immiscible solvents. increasing the interface by thorough agitation of two solutions substantially the rate of polymerisation. Exact stochiometry is not necessary and a high molecular weight product can be easily formed. Being very simple the method is widely used for the production of polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polysulphonamides. Difference in the reactivity of materials can be utilized to prepare ordered copolymers which otherwise are very difficult to produce. The technique is however limited to reactants having highly reactive functional groups that can readily react at the ambient temperatures. Testing and characterization of polymers:- Testing and characterization of polymeric materials is essential for determining their suitability for a Particular application. The manufactures and processors and need it for quality control such as maintaining product uniformity and for accessing the performance of new material in relation to the existing ones. processors and users wanting to better understand the polymeric behaviors. Under various conditions are naturally interested in knowing their chemical nature. Polymeric materials are very complex in nature. their high molecular weights in homogeneity and their chemical inertness often present difficulties in their identification which therefore requires specific techniques and the use of advanced methods of analysis. The problem of characterstic is further complicated by the market availability of an extermely wide range of materials and the presence of compounding materials such as plastic stablizers and filers (which change the physical propeties of the product) and thus Complete identification of polymeric materials may not always be possible. It is howevere possible to make a positive identification as to the class of polymers (polyeolefine, polyesters, polyamine) to which a given sample belongs. By carrying out some simple test and correlating their results: Application of these tests to the identification of to common polymeric materials is described as:- Physical test:- Physical examination of polymeric materials includes the observation of their color,,solubility,density etc Floatation test:- The test is based on Archimedes principal from which it follows that a material will flow in liquid of same or high density . Combustion test:-holding the pair of tweezers or tongs insert a small piece of the sample into flame of Bunsen burner and ob serve the ease of ignition, flammability of the sample in and out of flame Ph paper test:-take a small amount of powdered sample in a paralysis or ignition tube and place at its open end a piece of moist ph paper holding tube with a clip heat it with Bunsen burner at low heat.

The Fixer Essay -- Literary Analysis, Bernard Malamud

During the early 1900’s, the world underwent an antisemitic coup that was treated differently throughout all countries. Life for Jews in Eastern Europe, during the early 1900’s, was characterized by oppression, segregation, limited occupations, and extreme racism. They were not allowed to marry out side their race and people were willing to show their hatred (anti-Semitism) via decals or pins such as the two-headed eagle of the Black Hundreds on Mr. Maximovitch. In his novel The Fixer, Malamud tells the story of Yakov Bok, a Jew born in Russia during the very early 1900’s. Aspiring to a good future, he leaves his home for Kiev to start a new life. While living here he must hide his cultural background, even though he doesn't believe in God anymore, to protect any chance of a promising future. It is when he is blamed for a murder that he struggles to find God again and begins to question his life choices. The major themes of the book are segregation, str uggle with religion, striving for freedom, and extreme racism, which are expressed through Yakov Bok’s life. In The Fixer, Malamud recreates the story of Mendel Belis, a Jew who is living in Keiv and is framed for the murder of a young christian boy. The book is written in a limited third person view as it follows the life of Yakov Bok. He is a poor Jew barley getting buy on his work who leaves his home in hope to make a newer and better life in Kiev. Yakov expresses his goal to his farther-in-law when he says â€Å"All I have now in this miserable town is a beggarly existence. Now, I'll try Kiev. If I can live there decently, that's what I’ll do. If not, I’ll make sacrifices, save up, and head to Amsterdam for a boat to America. To sum it up, I have little, but I h... ...cist as he doesn't allow Yakov to do anything and only keeps hurting him. He chains him to the bed, attempts to poison him, and emotionally beats him with strip searches and starvation. In Yakov’s attempt to leave his him and strive for a new, more enjoyable life, he actually made a life of pain and suffering. Yakov blames his religion for what happened with him, but the truth of him going to jail could had been a sign for him to re find his religion. His farther-in-law said his religion will help him and even though he had to face the racism and segregation for all life, it was his religion that brought into view his freedom dream. Malamud tried to make a point through Yakov’s life that even through the worst treatment in the world and the possibility of death, having faith could lead you to this other door of freedom and the true life you always wanted. The Fixer Essay -- Literary Analysis, Bernard Malamud During the early 1900’s, the world underwent an antisemitic coup that was treated differently throughout all countries. Life for Jews in Eastern Europe, during the early 1900’s, was characterized by oppression, segregation, limited occupations, and extreme racism. They were not allowed to marry out side their race and people were willing to show their hatred (anti-Semitism) via decals or pins such as the two-headed eagle of the Black Hundreds on Mr. Maximovitch. In his novel The Fixer, Malamud tells the story of Yakov Bok, a Jew born in Russia during the very early 1900’s. Aspiring to a good future, he leaves his home for Kiev to start a new life. While living here he must hide his cultural background, even though he doesn't believe in God anymore, to protect any chance of a promising future. It is when he is blamed for a murder that he struggles to find God again and begins to question his life choices. The major themes of the book are segregation, str uggle with religion, striving for freedom, and extreme racism, which are expressed through Yakov Bok’s life. In The Fixer, Malamud recreates the story of Mendel Belis, a Jew who is living in Keiv and is framed for the murder of a young christian boy. The book is written in a limited third person view as it follows the life of Yakov Bok. He is a poor Jew barley getting buy on his work who leaves his home in hope to make a newer and better life in Kiev. Yakov expresses his goal to his farther-in-law when he says â€Å"All I have now in this miserable town is a beggarly existence. Now, I'll try Kiev. If I can live there decently, that's what I’ll do. If not, I’ll make sacrifices, save up, and head to Amsterdam for a boat to America. To sum it up, I have little, but I h... ...cist as he doesn't allow Yakov to do anything and only keeps hurting him. He chains him to the bed, attempts to poison him, and emotionally beats him with strip searches and starvation. In Yakov’s attempt to leave his him and strive for a new, more enjoyable life, he actually made a life of pain and suffering. Yakov blames his religion for what happened with him, but the truth of him going to jail could had been a sign for him to re find his religion. His farther-in-law said his religion will help him and even though he had to face the racism and segregation for all life, it was his religion that brought into view his freedom dream. Malamud tried to make a point through Yakov’s life that even through the worst treatment in the world and the possibility of death, having faith could lead you to this other door of freedom and the true life you always wanted.