A Certain Night Essay

Information and Understanding 1. As it is very evident in the story, the storyteller doesn't feel that these people have the right beyond words. This is copious when in the absolute last line of the story the storyteller states, â€Å"when will it be light?† 2. All through the story, the storyteller portrays the socialists as youthful, daring and attractive, in spite of the fact that they are frail saints. The storyteller causes the patriot to appear â€Å"murderous looking,† and â€Å"cunning, vindictive and smug.† The main killer has a â€Å"revolting moustache,† and a â€Å"evil voice†, just as a â€Å"ugly and horrendous face, which appeared to represent the savagery of the considerable number of rulers to the oppressed.† This made it sufficiently simple to recognize the socialists and the patriots. 3. The patriots respect to the complimented detainees with no regard by any means. It was on the grounds that they didn’t care for them, since they were socialists, and the patriot police were only there to execute them. They were harsh towards them as they â€Å"pushed them cumbersomely and hard, hitting them with rifle handles and putting ropes round their chest to tie them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As well, they would allude to them as â€Å"criminals†, as they would tally them individually causing them to appear to be not any more significant than checking the hairs on your jawline. The nationalist’s respects towards these detainees were remorseless and extremely indiscreet. 4. Close to the start of the story, the youthful writer becomes toppled by outrage and torment that he really drops. When he saw a natural face, he started to quiet down and assemble a feeling of support. This recognizable face began to cause him to feel increasingly courageous and unfaltering. Clos e to the end, the state of mind is completely flipped around when they recollected their legislature was being framed. Their perspectives were presently positive as they kicked the bucket, gladly singing for their nation. 5. Chime Ling composed this store to bring issues to light of the opposing homicides the patriot party submitted. I think she respected her better half with the enthusiastic, faithful, persevering writer. Possibly she composed this story more for her self, as an eternity memory of her better half. Of his demise, yet in addition by giving her enthusiasm for her convictions. 6. A significant topic in the story is to hold fast, and battle for what you have faith in. As such, be happy to bite the dust for a big motivator for you, yet gladly. Another subject is indicating the supreme brutality of people. It is demonstrating the ruthless practices people can depict on each other. Thinking and Inquiry 1. The tone of this story is dull and severe. Chime Ling accomplishes this in the characters feelings all through the story. This is likewise appeared through symbolism, through the bleak vibe of the story. Chime Ling utilized allegorical language and striking depictions to make the story appear to be both severe and dim. 2. The setting of the story adds to the tone since it is set up during a dim, chilly, breezy, blanketed night. The general mind-set of the story was both bleak and serious, which adds to the tone I think Ting Ling was going for. Everything from the detainees tumbling down in the day off, the troopers stepping all through it, made the tone wake up through the content. 3. There are a wide range of images all through the story. For the main killer, he takes after both cold-bloodedness and persecution while the youthful artist represents honesty and better change. Toward the end when the detainees are singing to their demise, it shows a feeling of opposition, which represents the acknowledgment of their passing. 4. The sound of stomping on feet hints discipline because of the socialists supporting their convictions. It additionally shows urgency in light of the fact that the detainees have essentially arrived in a desperate predicament, and have nothing left to do. Chime Ling rehashes this picture to actualize the sadness in the detainees, and to get the point over. 5. This story mirrors a political inclination since they cause the socialists to appear to be guiltless, as though they have done nothing incorrectly. Not saying they are guiltless, yet it is convincing the crowd as though they are so. Indeed, it isn't right for the patriots to execute them, however you don’t hear the past story between the two gatherings. In this manner, it mirrors a political predisposition by just indicating the â€Å"innocence† of the socialists.

Investigating Decision-Making Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Exploring Decision-Making Methods - Essay Example This paper takes a gander at methods of settling on the best choices utilizing the instance of Miller as the contextual analysis (Lindblom, 2008). It additionally gives an understanding to a portion of the approaches to relieve issues as well as irreconcilable situation that may emerge as one is taking care of various gatherings. The contextual analysis includes Mr Miller who is new to the school and on his first day is invited by two gatherings. The principal bunch needed Mr Miller to build up capacity gathering at the school as they contended that the moderate youngsters took a great deal of instructional time leaving just not many hours for the talented kids. The subsequent gathering anyway needed no change and was the view that everything was running great at the school and they needed no progressions at the school. Mr Miller was left with a significant issue which was to ensure that the two gatherings went to a comprehension and if not settle on a choice that would be reasonable by acting with respectability and in moral way. There are distinctive dynamic methodologies that Mr Miller could utilize and attempt to determine this issue. First there is the totalitarian methodology whereby Mr Miller settles on a choice without talking with some other gathering in the school network. This is refered to as perh aps the quickest type of dynamic as there are no others included that may slow down the dynamic procedure. Disregarding what others may need to state and evaluating the issue and settling on a choice may not be gotten well by the network. Being another school chief it is significant for Mr Miller to have the network backing him up and not to begin having his choices tested by everybody including his personnel staff. Also Mr Miller may utilize the interview approach where a pioneer looks for the counsel of the adherents and in the wake of giving him the thoughts, sentiments and proposals the pioneer settles on the choice dependent on these commitments all alone. This methodology may likewise be

Why is there war

Why is there war It was my first day at school. I felt nervous and scared. I went to all my classes with no friends. It felt like no one cared.I listened anxiously to all the lessons and waited for lunchbreak at one. Then finally the bell rang. It was time to talk and have fun.In the lunchline I met a new friend who wore a hijab on her head, and though I am Jewish, we got along fine, and I was so relieved when she said, Sit with us, at our table. She pointed to the one next to the door. So I agreed, and took my tray and was about to walk with her across the floor, when suddenly I felt a nudge. Hey, I saw you on the bus, said a tall girl in a long skirt. I see your Jewish star necklace. You should sit with us.At that moment I looked around, and thats when I noticed, to my surprise, The nations of the world, isolating themselves. Thats what I saw through my own eyes.The Spanish only sat with Spanish, the Hindus only with Hindus, The Russians always with the Russians, and never the Arabs with the Jews. I saw the reason why war gets started. Everyone sticks to their own kind. The lunchroom was a map of the world. Why was everyone so blind?And so I turned down this girl, and went with the first, and there was no enmity. I built a bridge between two worlds when I sat with those different from me. Hope you will do the same.By Sharon Fleischer Submitted by Nikhita Sharon wrote this when she was 16 and in the 11th grade. Her goal is to become an international diplomat and peace-maker.

Origin of Life Theories

Examples of French Pronunciation Ai and Ais

The letters Ai in French  can be pronounced in one of three ways. The following are general guidelines to the pronunciation of AI (though there are, as always, exceptions): Pronunciation Rules Ai is usually pronounced like È (like the E in bed), including when it is followed by S.When a verb ends in -ai, it is pronounced like É (more or less like the A in gave). It is important to distinguish between these two sounds, because they can change the meaning. Je parlai (passà © simple) is not pronounced like je parlais (imperfect).​ Note: The same phenomenon occurs with je parlerai (future) and je parlerais (conditional), at least according to some French speakers. There have been numerous debates about this, but basically, it comes down to regional variations: some native speakers pronounce them differently. Anyone who claims that there is no difference simply doesnt pronounce or even hear it. Examples Click on the links below to hear the words pronounced in French: frais  Ã‚   (fresh, cool)lait  Ã‚   (milk)je parlerai  Ã‚   (I will talk)je parlerais  Ã‚   (I would talk)je taime  Ã‚   (I love you)

Accountants of PepsiCo and Their Role in Minimizing the Cost Case Study

Essays on Accountants of PepsiCo and Their Role in Minimizing the Cost Case Study The paper "Accountants of PepsiCo and Their Role in Minimizing the Cost" is a perfect example of a case study on finance and accounting. PepsiCo is the company that is engaged in making beverages like soft drinks, juices, pure water, tea and energy drinks. Its brands are Tropicana, Pepsi, Mountain Dew, and others. Manufacturing businesses use different techniques in order to manage the cost so to achieve the main goal of the business to increase its profits. PepsiCo also requires a Contemporary management technique to achieve its success factors. They have to work on the cost area for their purpose. The accountants of the company could play their role in minimizing the cost. Accountants are advised to apply the standard costing method for the purpose. In this method, the expected cost is calculated at the time of purchasing raw material and before the manufacturing process is started. Although a variance is to be found between the actual cost and expected cost it could be managed by the accountants later. The expected cost will provide help to the accountants to identify the selling price of the product after it is being manufactured. They help in determining the expected cost that could be taken by the software as well in the modern world (Marie Rao, 2010).Accountants could control the cost during the manufacturing process through strategies such as economies of scale. Economies of scale refer to the units of the products to be manufactured so as to set the cost at an equilibrium point. The target set by the accountants that the units of products would be that could change lat er. For example, the company has the target to produce 100000 liters of Pepsi but it is found that the cost of the unit is not enough that it could not recover the accountants could change the strategy (Shi, 2012).

Stages of Enterprise Resource Planning Journey and their Benefits

Questions: 1.What are the Possible Stages in an ERP Systems Journey.2.Why an ERP Systems Journey May Never End.3.Identify the Drivers and Barriers for Companies to move from one Stage to the next. Answer: Introduction Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is business process management software that offers an integrated platform to plan and manage the overall business activities and also to organize the back office functions that are associated with the functioning of the organization. The implementation of ERP in an organization is a step by step process that is made up a number of different steps in between. It is often believed that once the ERP systems are released and the go-live of the same is achieved, the task comes to an end. However, there is a lot of post go-live work and support that is necessary to ensure the smooth functioning of the ERP systems that are implemented in an organization (Dantes and Hasibuan, 2010). The document covers the stages that are associated with ERP journey and also highlights the benefit of each stage. There are also certain barriers that are associated in the process of moving from one stage to the other and they have been covered in the report. There are severa l case studies that have been used as a reference to explain the concepts that are related to the stages of ERP journey. 1.Stages of an ERP Journey and their Benefits Discovery and Planning Stage This is the first stage that is involved in the ERP journey and it initiates the design and implementation of ERP systems in association with an organization. The business needs along with the goals and objectives are identified in this stage with the aid of analysis and studies along with several business meetings. One of the major activities that are covered in this stage is the identification of the project team members. The project team is identified in this stage and the duties and responsibilities are allocated to the team members. This stage is also the foundation of the overall ERP journey and the documentation of the main processes and requirements is also done in this stage (Matende and Ogao, 2013). Other activities that are covered in this stage include the analysis of the risks that may be associated with the ERP journey, identification of potential gaps and understanding of the possible solutions. The outcome of this stage is in the form of a project plan that covers all of these details in the form of a document. There are several benefits that are offered by this stage during the ERP journey. The foundation of the ERP systems is identified and finalized in this stage. Also, the senior management and the project leader get to understand the specifications and requirements. A complete overview of the steps to be covered in the later stages is decided and reviewed in this stage of the ERP journey. Deloitte is a multi-national professional services firm with its headquarters in the United States. It suggests that this stage of ERP journey is the most significant stage and follows the same in their approach of the completion of ERP implementations (Deloitte, 2017). Design Stage The design is the second stage in the ERP journey that comes after the planning and discovery stage. The master records that are provided by the client are reviewed in this stage. ERP system orientation and walkthrough is then carried out in this stage for the stakeholders and especially for the project resources. Initial system configuration settings are established in this stage of the ERP journey. Creation of the prototypes along with the defining the user roles is a key activity that is covered in this stage. The outcome of this stage is in the form of the documentation of ERP procedures (Kandananond, 2014). The benefits of this stage include the identification of the design prototypes along with the definition of the user roles that are associated with the ERP systems. The project team gets to understand the overall design of the systems that are required to be implemented (Kocakulah and Willett, 2011). Development Stage The primary objectives of this stage are to develop an environment for the creation of the ERP systems along with preparing for the go-live of the systems to come up with a system developed as per the specifications and requirements. Customization of the ERP systems along with the incorporation of qualities such as flexibility, scalability and adaptability is done in the development stage. The required codes are created to make the system ready for go-live and unit testing is also carried out on the ERP systems to identify the initial set of bugs and defects (Hasibuan and Dantes, 2012). Simulation of the live environment is also done in this stage of the ERP journey. This stage has numerous benefits as the end product that is the ERP systems and their performance depend upon the activities that are done in this stage. Also, the initial process of validating the developed system against the specifications is done to ensure that the changes are identified in a timely manner (Ganesh and Mehta, 2012). Testing and Deployment Stage Testing is an activity in which the system that is developed is validated and verified against the requirements and specifications. The testing stage in ERP journey has the same objectives as it aims to validate the system and the functionalities that are implemented against the specifications and requirements provided by the client. Also, the stage aims to establish the proficiency for the end user along with fine tuning of the configuration (Chofreh, Goni and Jofreh, 2011). There are various activities covered in this stage such as user acceptance testing that is carried out by a testing team along with a group of end users. Also, various other testing tasks are carried out on the system such as system testing, performance and security testing and likewise. Implementation of the ERP systems is not an easy journey to make as there is a transition that takes place from the old systems to the new systems. The testing stage covers the establishment of the cut-off strategy along with adjustment of the configurations (Ranjan, Jha and Pal, 2016). The deployment stage is the go-live stage in which proficiency of the end user is assessed and established. A decision on the go and no-go is also taken along with loading of the static and dynamic data. The validation and balancing against the legacy system is also done in this stage. The users are delivered with the system along with all of its components and functions. There are several benefits that are associated with this stage as the defects and the deviations in terms of the functionality are identified in this stage. The changes are also managed in this stage along with the assessment of the end-user proficiency. This is the stage that covers the activities through which the end-user experience along with the usability and satisfaction is enhanced (Sari, Hidayanto and Handayani, 2012). Ongoing Support This is the stage in which the post-production support is provided to the users in terms of the assistance with the system functions along with the resolution of user queries. This is the stage in which the end users are also provided with the user manuals and system documentation in order to provide them with the trainings on the system (Sadrzadehrafiei et al., 2013). 2.ERP Systems Journey May Never End Infosys is an information technology firm that provides IT business solutions and services to the customers. The company provided an e-commerce solution for Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) on Hybris platform along with SAP solution at the back-end. The ERP implementation that was done by Infosys on Hybris and SAP platforms was termed as process that required continuous development. It was because of the reason that the post-production support that was required for the project went on for many years after the deployment. Technology is something that keeps on changing at a rapid scale and therefore it becomes necessary to install updates in to the deployed ERP systems (Infosys, 2017). ERP implementation at Hersheys was a major failure due to the issues associated with testing, project scheduling and overall management of the project. The company made some major mistakes in terms of the estimation of the user demands and also missed out on the key activities such as testing and user trainings. A big band implementation approach was followed at Hersheys instead of the step by step implementation which resulted in a big failure as a result. Also, a turnaround time of 30 months was demanded by Hersheys instead of the estimated schedule of 48 months. All of these errors in the estimation and calculation along with the inability to accomplish the ERP journey with adequate organization and management led to the failure of the project (Gross, 2017). It can therefore be concluded that ERP journey is a non-stop process and the project does not end with the completion of the go-live process. There are various post-production activities that are required to be taken seriously and accomplished in order to ensure that there are no issues with the quality and performance of the ERP Systems (Albarakati, 2015). Final Documentation It is extremely necessary to document the project right in order to ensure that these documents may be used later as not only references but also to understand the issues easily at the advanced stages of the project. For instance, it would not be possible for the project resources to clearly outline all of the project risks that were analyzed during the deployment stage without the presence of the project plan. Similarly, the steps that shall be taken to execute a particular function cannot be done without the presence of a user manual. The final documentation shall not only cover the documents highlighted in the project deliverables but shall also include the information on the decisions that were made during the project lifecycle, lessons that were acquired by the project resources along with the details on the approvals and sign offs (Madanhire and Mbohwa, 2016). Help Desk and On-Site Support There may be various scenarios after the deployment of the project that the users may face in terms of issues in the execution of a particular functionality or inability to resolve an error and likewise. ERP implementations vary from one organization to the other and there cannot be a defined and a generalized guideline provided to the users. It would therefore be essential to set up a help desk for the recording and resolution of the incidents. Also, on-site support shall also be set up to make sure that the users are assured of assistance at any time with just a click of a button (Al-Mashari, Zairi and Okazawa, 2006). Additional Training It is not necessary that the project team resources that began with the ERP system project continue with the organization till the very end. There may be resources that may join the project team in between or after the go-live stage as well. The organization shall therefore be equipped with the training documents and training material for the project team as well as the end users. The trainings that are designed for the end-users shall keep in to perspective the users of all the age groups and categories such as individual users, business users, senior citizens, non-technical users and likewise (Hollinger, 2001). Scalability and Upgrades Technology is something that is changing at a rapid scale and it is necessary to ensure that the ERP systems that are designed and implemented are in accordance with the changing nature of technology. These systems shall be automatically and manually upgraded after a fixed interval of time and shall also have the scope to be scaled up or scaled down as per the requirements and preferences. Such practices will not only lead to enhanced user experience but will also provide increased security to the systems. Continued Improvement The ERP journey is therefore a continued process to achieve improvements and enhancement all the way. Successful ERP implementation requires adequate planning, designing, development, testing, and deployment along with an endless post-production support as well. LG Electronics succeeded in implementing ERP systems in their infrastructure and processes with continuous improvement as their approach during the project. The project was accomplished in a series of five planned phases and there was also post-production support provided to the users and the stakeholders to ensure that there were no issues in terms of performance and usability (Seth, 2014). 3..Drivers and Barriers for Companies to Move from One Stage to the Other There are certain barriers and challenges that the companies face during the implementation and completion of ERP projects. The major barrier that has been observed is in the form of compatibility issues between the different ERP modules and problems to integrate these modules as a single unit. The compatibility issues lead to the barrier in moving the project to the next stage. Another major barrier that has been observed is in the form of the project approach that is followed. It is often seen that a traditional approach is followed in the projects that include the total completion of one stage before moving on to the other. The agile approach shall therefore be followed in the projects instead of the traditional practices to make sure that testing of the projects is carried out all throughout and not only in the testing phase of the project. It would also ensure that the clients are actively involved during the ERP implementation to provide their valuable feedbacks and comments (Seo, 2013). Another issue that has been observed is in the form of the skills of the project resources along with the changes that appear during the migration and transition from the existing systems to the new systems. ERP implementations in the organizations lead to numerous changes in terms of the business processes and operations along with the methodologies that are followed. The skill sets of the project resources also sometimes do not fall in line with the required set of skills and abilities. All of these changes and issues can be overcome with the help of training sessions organized for the project team members (Candra, 2011). Conclusion ERP systems have become an integral part for the present day organizations and it has become necessary to ensure that the implementation of these systems is done correctly. The ERP journey is a never ending journey and it goes on after the go-live stage of the project as well. There are various phases in the ERP journey that include discovery and planning stage, design stage, development stage, testing and deployment stage along with ongoing support. The last stage that is the ongoing support or the post-production support include the various processes such as final documentation, help desk and onsite support, continuous improvement and upgrades. There can be several challenges that may be associated with the ERP implementation process that may include issues with the changes, problems in the skills of the resources, project approach and compatibility issues. References Albarakati, A. (2015). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation in Institutions and its Civilizing Temperament/Nature. International Journal of Applied Information Systems, 8(7), pp.20-24. Al-Mashari, M., Zairi, M. and Okazawa, K. (2006). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation: a useful road map. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 3(1/2), p.169. Candra, S. (2011). The Road of ERP Success: A Framework Model for Successful ERP Implementation. Binus Business Review, 2(2), p.1118. Chofreh, A., Goni, F. and Jofreh, M. (2011). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation Process: Project Management Perspective. Advanced Materials Research, 338, pp.152-155. Dantes, G. and Hasibuan, Z. (2010). The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation on Organization: Case Study ERP Implementation in Indonesia. IBIMA Business Review Journal, pp.1-10. Deloitte, (2017). Your guide to a successful ERP journey Top 10 change management challenges for Enterprise Resource Planning implementations. [online] Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/mx/Documents/human-capital/01_ERP_Top10_Challenges.pdf [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Ganesh, L. and Mehta, A. (2012). Understanding Cloud Based ERP Implementation in Light of Conventional ERP Implementation at Indian SMEs: A Case Study. SSRN Electronic Journal. Gross, J. (2017). https://www.pemeco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Hershey_ERP_Case_Study.pdf. [online] Available at: https://www.pemeco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Hershey_ERP_Case_Study.pdf [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Hasibuan, Z. and Dantes, G. (2012). Priority of Key Success Factors (KSFS) on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation Life Cycle. Journal of Enterprise Resource Planning Studies, pp.1-15. Hollinger, K. (2001). ERP - The Never-Ending Journey. [online] 1, pp.1-2. Available at: https://www.vvsgidas.lt/get.php?id=314 [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Infosys, (2017). E-commerce Solution on Hybris Platform for BD - Case Studies | Infosys. [online] Infosys.com. Available at: https://www.infosys.com/industries/life-sciences/case-studies/Pages/hybris-ecommerce-platform.aspx [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Kandananond, K. (2014). A Roadmap to Green Supply Chain System through Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation. Procedia Engineering, 69, pp.377-382. Kocakulah, M. and Willett, D. (2011). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation: Promise and Problems. Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS), 7(3), p.35. Madanhire, I. and Mbohwa, C. (2016). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in Improving Operational Efficiency: Case Study. Procedia CIRP, 40, pp.225-229. Matende, S. and Ogao, P. (2013). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation: A Case for User Participation. Procedia Technology, 9, pp.518-526. Ranjan, S., Jha, V. and Pal, P. (2016). Literature review on ERP implementation challenges. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 21(3), p.388. Sadrzadehrafiei, S., Chofreh, A., Hosseini, N. and Sulaiman, R. (2013). The Benefits of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System Implementation in Dry Food Packaging Industry. Procedia Technology, 11, pp.220-226. Sari, N., Hidayanto, A. and Handayani, P. (2012). Toward Catalog of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation Benefits for Measuring ERP Success. The Journal of Human Resources Management Research, pp.1-16. Seo, G. (2013). Challenges in Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system in Large Organizations: Similarities and Differences Between Corporate and University Environment. [online] Available at: https://ic3.mit.edu/ResearchSamples/2013-07.pdf [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Seth, S. (2014). LG As A Case Study Of A Successful Enterprise Resource Planning System. [online] Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/111214/lg-case-study-successful-enterprise-resource-planning-system.asp [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]

Juvenile+Violence Essays (1037 words) - , Term Papers

Juvenile+Violence Emanuel Mullins Enwr 106 2/7/00 Juvenile Violence-The latest craze? Two boys at an Arkansas middle school killed four girls and one teacher in what police called a carefully planned ambush on the afternoon of Tuesday March 25, 1998. Nine other girls and one other teacher were also wounded in the attack at the Westside Middle School, located in a quiet rural area just west of Jonesboro, Arkansas. In a similar incident in Littleton, Colorado, two students, cloaked in black trench coats and armed with guns and bombs, opened fire on the morning of Tuesday April 21, 1999 at Columbine High School, killing 15 people and wounding 28 others in the worst school shooting in U.S. history. What do both of these real-life scenarios have in common? All of these crimes were committed by juveniles or young adults. What is it that ignites such violence in troubled juveniles such as the ones mentioned? Many different factors cause violent behavior. In this paper I will explore the roots of juvenile violence in order to understand why the atrocious acts in Jonesboro, Ar kansas and Littleton, Colorado were committed. Violence is not committed without a reason. Violence is the act of intentionally hurting someone. A number of reasons could lead to a violent outbreak. Individually, the more factors present in one's life, the more likely that person is to commit an act of violence. Some factors that contribute to violent behavior include: ? homes where parents are abusive or absent ? Need for attention or respect ? Feeling constantly disrespected ? Access to or fascination with guns Each of the characteristics above can be summed up into two major categories, family problems, and social problems. Social problems were present in both the Westside Middle School and the Columbine High School murders. One thing that was associated with all of the murders was bullying. Bullying is where a child or group of children keep taking advantage of the power they have to hurt or reject someone else. Some young people are bullied for many reasons, but mainly because they will not stand up for themselves. Having been victims of bullying, Harris and Klebold were constantly disrespected. He [Harris] was going after jocks. He hated them with a passion, because they always made fun of him and they always threatened him. They did it especially his sophomore year, and he just hated them. Why do some children bully? The main reason children bully is to get attention or make other people afraid of them. In 13-year-old Mitchell's case, he was a bully and was reported to have been upset because of girl problems (rejection). Another thing in common with both murder cases is that the victimizers had eas y access to guns. ?Access to guns is the biggest predictor for people committing homicides. If kids don't have guns, these kind of situations don't escalate as fast? Eleven-year-old Andrew Golden learned to shoot from his father. Prior to the Columbine High School murders Eric Harris would talk of buying guns in class. Harris talked constantly in philosophy class of buying a gun, especially since he recently turned 18-years-old. Family problems, the second major category of juvenile violence are perhaps the most prevalent cause of juvenile violence. To oversimplify it grossly, parents are not doing the jobs they used to do in terms of transmitting values to kids. The slack is being picked up by the entertainment world, whether it's television or movies or rap music or video games. On the same note, a staff psychologist referring to the Columbine High School murders states, Violent children live in homes where parents are abusive and absent. A lot of times, an absent father is a predictor for violent aggressive males. As was the case with both 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson of the Westside Middle School murders and 18-year-old Eric Harris of the Columbine High School murders. Research indicates that the one person being the most capable of changing the antisocial aggression of a boy is his biological father. Johnson's parents were divorced and Johnson rarely saw his father. In a similar situation Harris's fathe r was immersed in the Marines up until the time he retired and settled down in Littleton, Colorado, in 1993. In both situations, Johnson and Harris lacked

Take An Example

Take An Example Take An Example Take An Example By Maeve Maddox The following comment got me thinking about the ways example is used: I hope we all can take an example from Shakespeare, and dare to break the structured guidelines. Since the writer was talking about Shakespeare the writer and not â€Å"Shakespeare† the works, a more accurate wording would have been: I hope we all can take Shakespeare as an example, and dare to break the structured guidelines. Alternately, the writer could have written: I hope we all can take Shakespeare as our example, and dare to break the structured guidelines. Here are some expressions that use example. for example: I like fruit, for example, strawberries, kiwi, and blueberries. by way of example: Let’s take the works of George Eliot by way of example. to make an example {of a person) : The captain made an example of the thief by ordering a punishment of ten lashes. to set an example: People in positions of governmental power ought to set an example for honesty. to take example: Take example from the life of Samuel Johnson and be kind to the helpless. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesThe Parts of a WordThe Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Cender, Race, Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cender, Race, Health - Essay Example Q2: The author vehemently criticises the discriminative behaviour towards the minority groups and communities living in the contemporary American social set up and declares it strictly against the provisions of the statute of law and constitution as well. He submits the very fact that inappropriate health opportunities have drastically affected the health and life expectancy of the racial groups in minority, particularly the African Americans, who have been undergoing the hatred and antipathy of the white majority since the colonial era of nineteenth century, which has eclipsed the overall health statistics of the US population. Q3: The chapter under-study wide opened new horizons of information regarding the social norms, mores, values and traditions existing in the US culture. The level of hatred in the minds of the white Americans against the African Americans is really surprising. It is really astonishing to note that the country that pretends to be the torchbearer of human rights, maintains such humiliating and nefarious cultural traits in it. Health of the individuals is of especial concern particularly in the advanced and civilized countries of western world, but the prejudiced behaviour against the African Americans and non-Hispanic whites serves as black mark on the very face of the USA. Anyway, many things like social stratification and class conflict, described by the author with reference to the American society, is not very much surprising. Q4: The issues raised by the author in the article contain reality in them. I personally experienced the circumstances, when the black community had to tolerate so many unpleasant events while interaction with their environment consisted of white-skinned majority, yet they never gave up struggle for winning equal status, identical with the any stratum or racial group of US society. I have witnessed the wonderful command of the black

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Review - Article Example To ensure effectiveness in resolving these conflicts entails use of varied approaches that vary significantly with organizations. Conflict is a growing concern in numerous organizations globally. Based on Mayer and Louw’s article, conflict is part of a person; hence, it is a ubiquitous feature of professional and socio-cultural interaction (Mayer & Louw, 2012). In this article, authors have addressed its theme from other studies’ methodological approaches ranging from positivist to communal constructivist besides interpretative paradigms (Mayer & Louw, 2012). Hence, it permits for a comprehensive variety of research statistics. Conflict is termed as being part of human. Based on this study, currently researches concerning effective management of cross-cultural conflict have been on the rise for the decades both globally and at interdisciplinary level. These different perspectives include and not limited to sociology, psychology, anthropology, health and behavioral sciences as well as communication (Mayer & Louw, 2012). According to Mayer and Louw (2012), conflicts can affect decision-making process; output, creativity, lead to distress, employees’ distraction and relationships in working places besides individual effectiveness (Mayer & Louw, 2012). However, if well managed can bear benefits ranging from job satisfaction, stre ss discount to individual well-being of the involved parties especially in the working place (Mayer & Louw, 2012). In workplaces, effective management strategies encompass first diagnosing and analyzing of organizational conflict, and eventually devising effective intervention procedures or approaches to resolve it. The strategies used by the organizations include, analyzing types of impacts and conflict resolution style. Moreover, cooperation in organizations is among the main concepts in reducing conflicts in a

The Special Properties Of Concrete Construction Essay

The Special Properties Of Concrete Construction Essay Admixtures are used to give special properties to fresh or hardened concrete. Admixtures may enhance the durability, workability and characteristics of a given concrete mixture. Admixtures are used to overcome difficult construction situations, such as hot or cold weather placements, pumping requirements. The use of admixtures to increase the workability or to accelerate the hardening of the concrete will be permitted when approved by the Engineer. Admixture dosages shall result in the mixture meeting the specified plastic and hardened properties. The major reasons for using admixtures are 1. To reduce the cost of concrete construction. 2. To achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively than by other means. 3. To maintain the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing, transporting, placing, and curing in adverse weather conditions. 4. To overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations. CHAPTER 2 Set Retarding Admixtures Set retarding admixtures are water soluble chemicals that have little or no other effect than to delay the setting of the cement. They do not plasticize significantly and have little or no effect on the water demand or other properties of the concrete. Set retarding water-reducing admixtures not only delay the setting of the cement but are also efficient in plasticizing concrete or reducing its water demand. Most commercially available retarders are of this type. Retarding water-reducers and retarding high range water reducers are used to: Give workability retention to the concrete Delay the setting time of concrete Prevent the formation of cold joints Increase initial workability Increase ultimate strength Produce economies in mix designs Materials Used The main types of chemical used for retarding admixtures are: Sucrose and other polysaccharides Citric acid Tartaric acid Salts of boric acid Salts of phosphoric, poly-phosphoric and phosphonic acids. The main types of chemical used for retarding water reducing admixtures are: Hydroxy carboxylic acid salts Hydroxylated polymers Lignosulphonic acid salts These may be also be used in conjunction with sulphonated naphthalene/melamine-formaldehyde condensates or polycarboxylates to produce retarding high range water reducing admixtures. The retarder molecule chemically adsorbs onto the cement particle in a mechanism similar to that described for water reducers. The main difference is the strength of the chemical bond that is formed. This strongly links the retarder molecule onto the cement surface, blocking and slowing down the rate of initial water penetration into the cement. Retarder molecules also chelate calcium ions in solution, slowing the crystallization of portlandite. These two mechanisms slow the growth of hydration products, delaying the stiffening and setting of the cement but once initial hydration starts, the retarder molecules are swamped and normal hydration proceeds. Uses 5.1 Admixture Selection Where predictable set retardation is required, a retarding admixture is the best choice. Where set needs to be continually amended, a graph of dosage rate versus setting time can be determined for a given mix, at a given temperature. For phosphate based products, the retardation time graph may often be linear, and this is a major advantage for this type of retarder. Sucrose and other polysaccharides are more efficient, but a dosage versus setting time graph may often be exponential, making accurate prediction more difficult. These types are often blended with lignosulphonate to produce cost effective, retarding/water reducing admixtures. Hydroxy carboxylic acid salts will often reduce cohesion in the mix potentially enhancing bleed and segregation. Polysaccharides, especially if blended with a lignosulphonate, tend to stabilise some air and may enhance cohesion.The choice between the different types of retarding water reducing admixtures is often determined by other properties such as mix cohesion. Selection may therefore be based on the particular mix characteristics of the concrete. 5.2 Dosage Retarding admixtures based on phosphates and phosphonates are designed to have a linear effect of dosage upon setting time. The dosage rate used may be quite high, as they do not have any effect other than retardation. Depending on the molecule chosen, typical dosages are 0.1% to 3.0% by weight of cement to yield a delay of set of 1 hour to 35 hours. Retarding admixtures based on sucrose and other similar polysaccharides are very powerful, and their retarding effects are rarely linear so that small increases on the intended dosage can lead to large increases in retardation. They are very cost effective, but are more difficult to control than the higher dosage phosphate based types. Typical dosages are 0.1% to 1.5% by weight of cement to yield a delay of set of 3 hours to 50 hours. Retarding water reducing admixtures are very commonly used at a low dose, typically 0.2% by weight of cement, to reduce the water content of the concrete by 7 to 10% with only a small delay in setting. They can be used at higher dosages; typically 0.3 to 0.6% to reduce water content, but simultaneously to delay the setting time. Greater water reductions may be achieved by using retarding high range water reducers, generally at 0.5 to 1.5% dose, depending on the type. Retarders are quite sensitive to temperature. At low temperatures retardation will be further extended. At very high temperatures, the converse is true and it may be difficult to achieve the required workability retention and extension of stiffening time. 5.3 Cement type Retarding admixtures and water reducing retarding admixtures can be used with all types of Portland cement, including all those covered by EN197-1. However, it is very important to note that their effectiveness in terms of retardation of set is very dependent upon the type of cement. Cements such as CEM1 require the highest level of retarder to achieve a given level of retardation. However, as the proportion of slag or pulverised fuel ash, as used in CEM 2 and CEM3 types increases, then the level of retarder will decrease in order to achieve a given level of retardation. The chemistry of the cement is also important in determining the effect of retarders. Cements low in tricalcium aluminate (C3A) require significantly less retarder for a given degree of retardation than normal cements. 5.4 Yield Retarding admixtures do not have any significant effect upon the yield of concrete. Retarding water reducing admixtures, when used to reduce the water content of concrete, will reduce the yield in direct proportion to the water reduction made. This needs to be taken into account when modifying the mix design. 5.5 Overdosing The level of retardation achieved is related to the dosage used. Any overdose will result in an increase in setting time. Large overdoses of retarders can produce very long setting times and even small overdoses can have this effect if the initial dose is high. Provided the overdose is no more than double that which was intended, and the concrete is well cured to prevent it from desiccation, accidentally retarded concrete will normally set and recover strength within two to three days. Where a dosage range is given, the normal dose should be taken as the bottom of the range. Where very large, accidental overdoses occur or where large overdoses of a water reducing retarders have been used without a correspondingly large water reduction, the concrete may not recover its strength in a reasonable time. As a general rule, if concrete contains an overdose of a retarding admixture and has not set hard in 5 days, then it may not gain useful mechanical strength within a reasonable time. Effects upon properties of concrete 6.1 Strength As with water reducing admixtures, ultimate strength gain is increased with increasing water reduction Retardation of set allows the slower formation of a more ordered, smaller, denser cementitous matrix. This has the effect of increasing ultimate strength relative to an unretarded mix with the same water cement ratio. Acceleration of strength by heat produces the opposite effect, with the rapid formation of a coarse matrix. This explains why steam cured precast concrete rarely produces the same ultimate strength as concrete cured at normal temperatures and produced from the same concrete. 6.2 Workability Retarding admixtures do not have a significant effect upon initial workability. However, they generally have a beneficial effect upon workability retention, particularly at elevated temperature. Retarding water reducing admixtures, have a pronounced effect upon workability. Typically, an increase in slump of 60-100mm results from the addition of a dosage of 0.25% by weight cement. Set retarding high range water reducing/plasticizing admixtures may be used to enable workability to be increased to a greater extent, at a typical dosage level of 0.3 to 1.0%. 6.3 Slump loss Retarding admixtures are useful for helping to reduce slump loss, particularly at elevated temperature but it is still important to have a high initial workability. Retarding water reducing admixtures are very effective at reducing slump loss when used to increase the initial workability of the mix, but less so when used as a water reducer. Indeed, if water reduction is taken at the expense of high initial workability, initial slump loss may be slightly faster and will slow when about half the initial slump is reached. 6.4 Setting time The prime function of a retarder is to extend the setting (stiffening) time of concrete, usually in order to prevent the formation of cold joints between deliveries of concrete. Even if workability has fallen to almost zero slump, fresh concrete can be vibrated into, and will bond with, a preceding, older pour. In hot weather, even a small delay in deliveries or a short breakdown of the pump can result in the first concrete pours setting before subsequent pours can be placed and vibrated to form a monolithic joint. In deep pours, if concrete placed early starts to set, the heat generated can cause faster setting of concrete above it and again lead to cold joints. In this situation, retarder dosage can be progressively reduced as the pour proceeds. 6.5 Air entrainment Retarding admixtures do not normally entrain air, and some types, especially those based on hydroxycarboxylic acid, may actually reduce air content. This may cause these retarded mixes to feel harsher and have more tendency to bleed. Most types of retarder can be used effectively in combination with an air entraining agent. 6.6 Bleeding The total volume of bleed water arising from concrete is often related to its setting time because once setting starts, bleeding stops. Thus retarded concretes are always more prone to bleed. Any reduction in air tends to aggravate this potential problem. The plasticising component of a retarding water reducing admixture may help to offset this effect and some types are formulated to slightly air entrain in order to reduce bleed. 6.7 Heat of hydration Retarding admixtures do not reduce the heat output of concrete but do serve to delay the time of peak temperature rise by exactly the same time interval by which it was retarded. In small sections this may allow slightly more heat dissipation and so peak temperature may be a little lower. In thick sections there will be no reduction in peak temperature and there is evidence that the peak temperature may even be increased slightly. 6.8 Volume deformation Creep and drying shrinkage are not significantly affected by the inclusion of retarding admixtures. If the concrete is water reduced by the use of a retarding water reducing admixture, then drying shrinkage will be reduced. 6.9 Durability Provided that the concrete is correctly cured, then retarded concrete should be stronger and just as durable as equivalent plain concrete. However, because of the extended plastic stage, more attention needs to be paid to protecting the concrete before it sets. Retarded water reduced concrete will have a lower water content than the equivalent plain concrete, and will be correspondingly more durable. MECHENISM OF RETARDING ADMIXTURES Retarding admixture is an admixture that retards the setting of concrete. A retarding admixture causes cement set retardation by one or more offollowing mechanisms: (1) Adsorption of the retarding compound on the surface of cement particles, forming a protective skin which slows down hydration; (2) Adsorption of the retarding compound on to nuclei of calcium hydroxide, poisoning their growth, which is essential for continued hydration of cement after the end of induction period; (3) Formation of complexes with calcium ions in solution, increasing their solubility and discouraging the formation of the nuclei of calciumhydroxide . (4) Precipitation around cement particles of insoluble derivatives of the retarding compounds formed by reaction with the highly alkaline aqueous solution, forming a protective skin . Detailed Explanation According to the first mechanism, a retarding admixture is adsorbed on the surface of cement particles. This layer of retarding admixture around the cement particles acts as a diffusion barrier. Due to this diffusion barrier, it becomes difficult for the water molecules to reach the surface of the unhydrated cement grains and hence the hydration slows down, and the dormant period (period of relatively inactivity) is lengthened. Due to the slow hydration, no considerable amount of the hydration products giving rigidity to the cement paste will be formed and thus the paste remains plastic for a longer time. Later, when the admixture is removed from solution by reaction with C3A from cement or by some other way it is removed and incorporated into the hydrated material, further hydration is eliminated. On first contact of water with cement grains (C3S and C2S) calcium ions and hydroxyl ions are rapidly released from the surface of the cement grains. When concentration of these ions reach es a critical value (at which the solution becomes saturated), the hydration products calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate start to crystallize from the solution and then hydration proceeds rapidly. According to the second mechanism, a retarding admixture incorporated into cement paste is adsorbed on the calcium hydroxide nuclei and prevents its growth until some level of super saturation is reached during the induction period of hydration. Thus, retarder lengthens the induction period by causing an increase in the level of calcium hydroxide super saturation before crystallization begins. This is analogous to the poisoning of crystal growth of calcium hydroxide by the retarding admixture as both calcium and hydroxyl ions are present in the solution but unable to precipitate as a result of poisoning of the calcium hydroxide nuclei. According to the third mechanism, a retarding admixture incorporated into cement paste forms some kind of complexes with calcium ions released by the cement grains during the first few minutes. Formation of the complexes increase the solubility of cement, i.e., increased concentration of Ca2+, OH, Si, Al and Fe in the aqueous phase of the cement pastes will occur when hydrated in the presence of the retarding admixture. Thus the calcium ions and hydroxyl ions will accumulate in solution and will be unable to precipitate to form calcium hydroxide. For example, when ordinary Portland cement is hydrated in sucrose solution, lime is solubilised and a sucrose calcium complex (R -O à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ca+ -OH) is formed in which Ca+ -OH group is attached to the five membered ring (R) of the sucrose molecule. Such sucroseà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬calcium complex will be able to become absorbed on the growing calcium hydroxide nucleus. The adsorption of the complex on the calcium hydroxide nucleu s will inhibit its growth as the calcium and hydroxyl ions will not be able to precipitate. In this way, hydration is retarded. The fourth mechanism is similar to the first but here some kind of insoluble derivatives of retarder are formed by reaction with the highly alkaline solution as pH of the solution rises to over 12 within few minutes after first contact of water with cement. For example, inorganic salt admixtures (borates, phosphates, zinc and lead salts etc.) give insoluble hydroxides in alkaline solution. The cement hydration is suppressed through the precipitation of protective coatings of these insoluble derivatives around the cement grains.

Critical Review of Carn Essay -- Essays Papers

Critical Review of Carn The novel Carn, by Patrick McCabe, is a thought-provoking tale of people from a town in Ireland. The town, Carn, goes through economic failure, complete industrialization and commercial revival, back to total desolation. As the town changes, so do the main characters, Josie Keenan and Sadie Rooney. Although they do not know each other at the beginning of the novel, after the indulstrialization of the town, their lives eventually intersect. All they want from life is to lead normal lives -- outside of Carn. Even though Carn is now an industrial town, it holds bad memories and a sense of imprisonment for Josie and Sadie. Both their lives become tied to the town of Carn. Sadie plans to move to England, but when she becomes pregnant she must stay in Carn and raise a family. A lack of options forces Josie to remain in Carn, the only home she knows. Eventually, Josie's destructive lifestyle and the political conflicts between England and Ireland result in tragedy for both characters. McCabe does an excellent job at developing the characters of Josie, Sadie, and the town of Carn itself. He shows the futility of their hopes, which ultimately results in tragedy and despair. The reader can relate to the characters, and by the conclusion of the novel, the reader will feel as if s/he knows the characters personally. Josie Keenan lives a life without hope. The author does a good job of providing insight into Josie's life by informing the reader of everything that effects Josie from the beginning of her life, right until the end. Living with an abusive father has made Josie believe that no one is good, and everyone is only looking for what they can gain from others. The only kind words she has ever received are from her mother. Even this source of happiness is taken from her though, because her mother dies when Josie is young. She moves from an orphanage right into the working world, and into a world of men. Because she does not have a strong father figure in her life, she looks for love else where. Men love her body, and she loves the control this gives her. "Josie [sees] now that there [is] nothing she [can't] do with [men] (49)." She takes men's money and does with it as she pleases. She "[takes] the bus to a town across the border where she [sits] on her own in a cafe listening to a jukebox and eating ice-creams (... ...e able to give an inanimate object its own character, and to do it well. Carn is an excellent example of a well-developed character. McCabe's views of life are demonstrated by the lives of Sadie and Josie, and the town of Carn. McCabe's characters' lives are replete with suffering and sorrow, and they all react with bitter resignation. Sadie, Josie, and Carn are resigned to accept their fates - Sadie's, involuntary life in Carn; Josie's, debauchery and death; and Carn's, economic desolation. Carn is very well written and is a wonderful book. However, not everyone will enjoy it. There is a considerable amount of history involved in it, so people who enjoy history will benefit from it. It is also very depressing, so readers who love happy endings will be disappointed with the conclusion of the story. For these reasons I did not enjoy reading this book, however I do understand the literary merit that is displayed by McCabe. The story line and characters are well developed, and it is an interesting story. I recommend it to anyone who is learning about the conflicts in Ireland, or to anyone who likes to get to know fictional characters in a personal way.

Good And Bad Manners Essay

Good Manners have a deep Affect on our minds. As bad manners produce bad results in society, good manners produce good results. Good manners are unconsciously acquired in our childhood, but they can also be cultivated later on. Every human being should be treated with due respect and dignity. The animal instinct in us makes us rough and vulgar, but a cultured and civilized man is gentle and polite. By good manners we understand the way in which a person should behave in society. One is expected to show respect one’s elders. Good manners are necessary for everyone, in every walk of life. It is good manners to thank anybooy who does anything for you. When a waiter brings you a glass of water, you may thank him. â€Å"Friends and good manners will carry you where money won’t go.† Good manners are vital for success in life. Nobody likes a rude person, but good manners endear a man to other. A shopkeeper who behaves rudely with his customers can never flourish in his trade, but one who behaves politely and pleasantly with others attracts a large number of customers. Patients always rush to a doctor who is sympathetic towards them. A leader cannot have a large follower unless he is polite to others. In fact good manners have a magnetic influence over the people. Good manner are not, however, born with us. They have to be cultivated with great care. Childhood is the best period to cultivate good manners and so both parents and teachers have a great role to play. Bad Manners: The Height of Bad Manners is Way too Much To begin with, Bad Manners is defined by lack of polite or well-bred social behavior resulting by ignorance, this may be true, but I don ´t think so, this is because nowadays people are adopting this reprehensive conducts no just by ignorance, but for doing whatever they want, in this bad manner conducts we can see: not respecting adults, farting in front of anybody, not saluting, people that don ´t respect the third age privileges in public places/transport. In the world we can see many of this awful behavior but each day we can see it more in our community its becoming part of our daily life to be disrespectful with others and don ´t minding about if the other  person would feel bad about it. As your parents probably told you not so many years ago this â€Å"Bad Manners Acts† where severally punished with very strict sanction but now we can see a teenager threatening and old man so they give him the spot in the bus.

The Case Of The United States Constitution - 1354 Words

When relating a historical document to a contemporary situation, context is integral to proper analyzation. In the case of the United States Constitution, many political theorists share their opinion, on what they believe to be, the optimal interpretation of the document, however, only Antonin Scalia’s originalist ideology repels personal and moral views during analysis and encourages understanding the Constitution as originally intended. It is not the job of a United States judge, nor should it be the job of one, to intervene their personal beliefs and morals with the law when making a judicial decision. Instilling inappropriate factors in legal decisions causes potential inconsistency and, occasionally, bias, both of which would set†¦show more content†¦Heller allow for the examination of originalism being successfully implemented during supreme court trials. A judge remaining impartial is crucial towards decisions made by a court. Although it may not be apparent, n on-originalists tend not to be as truthful when enforcing the law than originalists since they often involve outside morals or beliefs that do not pertain to the document itself. According to Antonin Scalia, â€Å"Non-originalist opinions have almost always had the decency to lie, or at least to dissemble, about what they were doing--either ignoring strong evidence of original intent that contradicted the minimal recited evidence of an original intent congenial to the court’s desires, or else not discussing the original intent at all, speaking in terms of broad constitutional generalities with no pretense of historical support.† The acquisition of a bias can sway the court’s decision towards an incorrect stance, thus, making it very important that non-originalist views aren’t involved in Constitutional readings. Consistency in court ruling is also essential to a constitutional theory. Capital punishment, although currently controversial, was a frequent co nsequence of murder in the late 1700s. It is indirectly mentioned twice in the Constitution. First, it is mentioned in the 8th amendment of article 7: â€Å"...nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted†. Secondly, it is mentioned in the 14th amendment of article 7:†...nor shall any State deprive any person